• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.295-306
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) and vitamin $D_3$ metabolite on eggshell quality and hatching egg production in aged egg-type breeder hens. A total of five hundred and forty 60-week-old Hy-Line Brown breeder hens were randomly allocated to nine treatments in a $3\times3$ factorial design to determine the effects of dietary Ca levels (3.3, 3.9, and 4.5%), combined with three levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-$(OH)D_3$ 0, 75, and $150{\mu}g/kg$], on eggshell quality and egg production for 10 weeks. There were significant Ca and 25-$(OH)D_3$ effects (P<0.01) on egg production rate. There was a linear (P<0.01) increase in eggshell strength and thickness with increasing dietary Ca and 25-$(OH)D_3$ levels. Dietary 25-$(OH)D_3$ had a significant effect (P<0.05) on hatchability of egg although fertility was not influenced by dietarylevels of Ca and 25-$(OH)D_3$. Dietary Ca levels affected Ca content in tibia (P<0.05). These results indicated that relatively high levels of dietary Ca in combination with 25-$(OH)D_3$ had a beneficial effect on improving eggshell quality and reproductive performance in aged egg-type breeder hens.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.337-342
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• 2009

The feasibility of reutilization of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) or struvite slurry recovered from the process through microwave irradiation was studied in this experiment. For this purpose, 4 different operations were performed with or without Mg source addition and different levels of MAP recycled in a batch reactor. Dissolution rate of MAP, ${NH_4}^+$ elimination pattern and physicochemical changes of MAP during microwave irradiation were also studied. The result showed that only 33% orthophosphate ($PO_4-P$) and 27% $NH_4-N$ removal occurred without adding any external Mg source (run A), whereas 87% $PO_4-P$ and 40% $NH_4-N$ removed when 1.0 M ratio of $MgCl_2$ (run B) was added based on $PO_4-P$ in influent. Although the addition of 1.0 molar ratio of microwave irradiated MAP (Run C) removed lower $PO_4-P$ and $NH_4-N$ than 1.0 M $MgCl_2$ (run B), $PO_4-P$ removal was double when compared with no Mg addition (run A). Addition of half MAP and half $MgCl_2$ (run D) showed the similar removal efficiency (88% $PO_4-P$ and 35% $NH_4-N$) with sole $MgCl_2$ addition (run B). Based on these results, the reutilization of MAP irradiated by microwave would be a feasible way to enhance the removal efficiencies of N and P, as well as curtail the Mg chemical usage. Track study showed that $NH_4-N$ gradually increased at initial stage of microwave irradiation of MAP, and then started eliminating from liquor as temperature increased over $45^{\circ}C$. Dissolution rate of ${PO_4}^{-3}$ during microwave irradiation was proportional to the initial MAP concentration, having $0.0091x^{0.6373}$ mg/sec. It was found from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) study that physical structure of MAP crystal started breaking down into small cube granules within very short time by electromagnetic vibration force during microwave irradiation and then gradually melted down into solution.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bio-starch from corn processing to replace dried whey in weaned pigs. A total of 120 crossbred [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs were weaned at 21 days of age weighing 6.01±0.34 kg in average. Five week feeding trial consisted of phase 1(0~2 wks) and phase 2(3~5 wks). Dietary treatments included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) BS5(whey 5%, partial substitution of bio-starch), 3) BS10(whey 10%, partial substitution of bio-starch) and 4) BS15(whey 15%, partial substitution of bio-starch). There were four dietary treatments with six replicate pens per treatment and five pigs per pen. During the overall period, there were no significant differences in the ADG(average daily gain) and gain/feed ratio among the treatments(P>0.05). However, the ADFI(average daily feed intake) was higher in BS5 and BS15 treatments than in CON treatment(P<0.05). At the 2nd week, dry matter and nitrogen digestibility were increased(quadratic effect, P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively; cubic effect, P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the last week of the experiment, dry matter, nitrogen and energy digestibility were increased(P<0.05) with the highest at 5% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the 2nd week total protein concentration was increased(linear effect, P=0.04; cubic effect, P=0.01) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. Also, BUN(blood urea nitrogen) was increased(linear effect, P=0.01) as the level of bio-starch inclusion increased in the diets. Fecal consistency score was inclined to lowers CON treatment than other treatments. In conclusion, the result of trial indicates that bio-starch can be included at the level of 5~10% of weaning pig diet replacing part of the dried-whey, and digestibilities were positively affected by bio-starch at growth stage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation application of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover. The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50. 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu(trial-1). Mn/Zn(trial-2), and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn(trial-3), respectively The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn(trial-4) were composed of $70\%$ for main element and $10\%$ for other 3 elements, respectively. 1. The contents of N-compounds in forages tended to be in inverse proportion to the yields. In the Mn/Zn trial, the 0/l00 to white clover resulted in the relatively high contents of soluble N-compounds and low ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds in company with a severe yield decrease. 2. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the 0/100 and 100/0 resulted in the somewhat high contents of N-compounds in white clover. It was likely to be caused by the concentration effect derived from yield decrease. In addition, the 100/0 resulted in the relatively high content of soluble N-compounds and low ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds. The protein synthesis in white clover was likely to be negatively influenced by the 100/0. 3. In the Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial, white clover showed the low contents of crude and pure protein at the 1st cut. It was likely to be caused by the unbalanced mutual ratios derived from the high application levels of each single element. 4. In white clover at the 5th cut, the 0/100 of Mn/Zn and 100/0 of Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn resulted in the relatively high content of K. It was likely to be caused by the concentration effect derived from yield decrease.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation application of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover. The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu(trial-1), Mn/Zn(trial-2), and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn(trial-3), respectively. The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn(trial-4) were composed of $70\%$ in main element and $10\%$ in other 3 elements, respectively. 1. By the systematic variations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, the yields were more significantly influenced in white clover than in orchardgrass. In addition, the yields of white clover were closely correlated to the trends of root/nodule growth and flowering. In the Fe/Cu trial, the relatively high yields were obtained at the $100/0\%$ in orchardgrass and at the $75/25\%$ in white clover. The yields of white clover were more negatively influenced by the 100/0(Cu control) than by the 0/100(Fe control). The yields of orchardgrass, however, tended to be opposite to the above trends. 2. In the Mn/Zn trial, both forages showed generally high yields at the high ratios of Mn/Zn. Compared with orchardgrass, the yields of white clover were greatly decreased by the Mn-deficiency(low ratio of Mn/Zn). The effects of Zn on forage yields, however, were not recognized. 3. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the yields of orchardgrass tended to be slightly different among the treatments. The yields of white clover, however, were relatively' high at the 75/25, and showed a severe decrease at the 100/0 in the 2nd half cuts. In the Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial, the yields of white clover tended to be relatively high at the Cu and Zn treatments. It was likely to be caused by the balanced Fe/Mn ratio.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2004

This pot experiment was. conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation application of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover. The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0％ in the Fe/Cu(trial-1), Mn/Zn(trial-2), and Fe + Cu/Mn + Zn(trial-3), respectively. The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn(trial-4) were composed of 70％ in main element and 10％ in other 3 elements, respectively. 1. In general, the unbalanced applications of Fe and Mn resulted in the Mn and Fe deficiencies(chlorosis) on white clover, respectively, because of the antagonism between Fe and Mn. In white clover, the traits of growth, root/nodule, and flowering, which were influenced by the systematic variation of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, were closely correlated to each other. In the Fe/Cu trial, the 0/100 and 25/75 induced a Fe-deficiency on white clover, and the 0/100 also showed poor root growth and flowering. In addition, the 50/50 and 75/25 showed an early flowering of white clover. 2. In the Mn/Zn trial, the 0/100 induced a severe Mn-deficiency(chlorosis) on white clover. The 25/75 and 50/50, however, diminished the chlorosis symptom. The 75/25 and 100/0 showed generally good root growth and flowering of white clover. 3. In the Fe + Cu/Mn + Zn trial, the 0/100 induced a Fe-deficiency, and the 100/0 induced a Mn-deficiency on white clover, which were correlated to the poor root growth and flowering. The 75/25 showed good root growth and flowering of white clover. 1be flowering of white clover tended to be more influenced by the Fe + Cu than by the Mn + Cu ratios. 4. In the Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial, the Fe and Mn deficiencies on white clover, which were influenced by the Mn and Fe treatments, also occurred. The Cu and Zn-deficiency symptoms, however, were not recognized. General differences have been showed in the numbers of flowers as following orders; Zn > Cu > Mn > Fe - 70% treatments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of combined micronutrient application($T_1$; control, $T_2$; Fe, $T_3$; Fe+Mn, $T_4$; Fe+Mn+Cu, $T_5$ ; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn, $T_6$ ; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn+Mo, T$_{7}$; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn + Mo + B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The fifth part was concerned with the changes in the total and relative contents, uptake amounts, and mutual ratios. of micronutrients in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The relative contents(total contents of 6 micronutrients = 100%) of Fe and Mn were considerably influenced by the antagonism between Fe and Mn, and also were influenced by the differences in Mn-absorption between orchardgrass and white clover. Compared with pure culture, orchardgrass showed high relative contents of Mn, and low relative contents of Fe and B in mixed culture. White clover, however, tended to be exactly opposed to the above trends. In relative contents, the T$_6$ 6/ resulted generally in decrease of Fe. However the $T_7$ resulted in increase of Mn and B. In addition, the $T_7$ resulted in decrease of Cu and Zn in orchardgrass, and Mo in white clover. 2. In general, there were differences in the tendency between the yield changes and the uptake amounts of micronutrients. General differences have been showed in the uptake amounts and mutual ratios of micronutrients based on the forage species, pure/mixed culture, additional fertilization, and antagonism. The uptake amounts of total micronutrients were generally increased by the treatments with increased combination. In uptake amounts, the $T_7$ resulted in the increase of Mn and B, and decrease of Mo. 3. The mutual ratios of Fe/Mn, Fe/Cu, and Mn/Cu were considerably influenced by the antagonism between Fe and Mn. At the $T_7$ , very low ratio of Fe/Mo affected by the T6 tended to be somewhat improved because of the decrease of Mo content． The poor growth of forages at the $T_6$ was improved by the $T_7$ . This fact was likely to be caused by the adequate B/Mo ratio.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 1999

A feasibility study was performed to examine the agronomic application of treated sewage on paddy rice culture by field experiment. The domestic sewage was treated by the constructed wetland system which was in subsurface flow type and consisted of sand and macrophyte. The effluent of the wetland system was adjusted to maintain the total nitrogen concentration below $25mgL^{-1}$ and used for irrigation water. Four treatments include (1) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted with conventional fertilization (TWCF), (2) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted with half of the conventional fertilization (TWHF), (3) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted without fertilization (TWNF), and (4) irrigation of treated sewage as it was without fertilization (SWNF). These cases were compared to the control case of tap water irrigation with conventional fertilization (Control). Generally, addition of the treated sewage to the irrigation water showed no adverse affect on paddy rice culture, and even improvement was noticed in both growth and yields. TWCF showed the best result and the yields exceed the Control in about 10%. Overall performance of the treatments was TWCF, Control, TWHF, TWNF, and SWNF in decreasing order. From this study, it appears that reuse of treated sewage as a supplemental irrigation water could be feasible and practical alternative for ultimate sewage disposal which often causes water quality problem to the receiving water body. For full scale application, further study is recommended on the specific guidelines of major water quality components and public health.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the muscle quality of the olive flounder fed on extruded pellet (EP) diets compared with a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in a commercial scale for a year. The sensory and physical qualities and palatable compounds were compared for evaluation of muscle quality in fish. Four diets were formulated for this experiment: two experimental EP diets (EP 1 and 2), one commercial EP diet (CEP) and MP diet. Crude lipid of fish fed EP1 and EP2 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed CEP, but not significantly different from that of fish fed MP (P>0.05). In the palatable compounds, the free amino acids composition were much alike in that of all the diets. Proline, glycine and alanine from fish fed diet EPs were the most abundant compound among amino acid compositions. There was little difference in the free amino acid compositions of all flounder from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. Taurine of fish fed EP1 was dominantly high over that of fish fed EP2, CEP and MP. In all nucleotides and their related compounds, ATP and IMP from fish fed EP diets were higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed MP. In the sensory score, overall-acceptability of fish fed EP2 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed EP1, CEP and MP. Hardness of physical properties from fish fed EP2 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed CEP (P<0.01). These results strongly suggest that diets EP could be developed to replace MP diet for the grow-out stage of olive flounder without adverse effect on growth performance.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2020

In recent years, packed column has been widely used in separation processes, such as absorption, desorption, distillation, and extraction, in the petrochemical, fine chemistry, and environmental industries. Packed column is used as a contacting facility for gas-liquid and liquid-liquid systems filled with random packed materials in the column. Packed column has various advantages such as low pressure drop, economical efficiency, thermally sensitive liquids, easy repairing restoration, and noxious gas treatment. The performance of a packed column is highly dependent on the maintenance of good gas and liquid distribution throughout a packed bed; thus, this is an important consideration in a design of packed column. In this study, hydraulic pressure drop, hold-up as a function of liquid load, and mass transfer in the air, air/water, and air-NH₃/water systems were studied to find the geometrical characteristic for raschig super-ring experiment dry pressure drop. Based on the results, design factors and operating conditions to handle noxious gases were obtained. The dry pressure drop of the random packing raschig super-ring was linearly increased as a function of gas capacity factor with various liquid loads in the Air/Water system. This result is lower than that of 35 mm Pall-ring, which is most commonly used in the industrial field. Also, it can be found that the hydraulic pressure drop of raschig super-ring is consistently increased by gas capacity factor with various liquid loads. When gas capacity factor with various liquid loads is increased from 1.855 to 2.323 kg^-1/2 m^-1/2 S^-1, hydraulic pressure drop increases around 17%. Finally, the liquid hold-up related to packing volume, which is a parameter of specific liquid load depending on gas capacity factor, shows consistent increase by around 3.84 kg^-1/2 m^-1/2 S^-1 of the gas capacity factor. However, liquid hold-up significantly increases above it.