• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.776-781
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• 2006

제초제, 로켓 추진제 등에 주로 사용되는 과염소산(perchlorate, $ClO_4^-$)은 갑상선의 요오드 섭취를 방해하여 갑상선 암을 유발할 수 있으며 임산부가 섭취 시 태아의 뇌 발달을 저해하는 등 인체 독성을 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근 미국을 중심으로 perchlorate 관련 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있으며 2006년 US. EPA에서 먹는물에서의 perchlorate 가이드라인을 설정하였다. 그러나 아직 국내에서는 perchlorate에 관한 독성 및 환경 내 오염 정도 등에 관해 구체적으로 조사된 바가 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서 국내 수 환경에서의 Perchlorate 오염 정도 파악을 위해 영남권 지역 주민들의 주 상수원수로 사용되고 있는 낙동강 수계와 낙동강 권역에 위치한 도시들의 수돗물을 대상으로 perchlorate를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 낙동강 수계 중에서는 $ND{\sim}278.4$ ${\mu}g/L$의 범위로 perchlorate가 검출되었으며 구미공단천(2차)에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 하류로 내려올수록 perchlorate 농도가 감소하였다. 수돗물의 경우 대상 도시에 따라 다소 편차를 나타냈으며 농도 범위는 $ND{\sim}34.1$ ${\mu}g/L$이었다. 조사 대상 지역 중 대구 달서 감삼동에서 가장 높게 검출되었고 부산에서는 비슷한 농도($9{\sim}11$ ${\mu}g/L$)로 대부분의 구에서 검출되었다. 본 조사결과는 낙동강 수계에 perchlorate 오염원이 있으며 낙동강을 상수원수로 사용하는 지역은 수돗물에서 perchlorate 관리대책이 필요함을 의미한다.

• 한국수처리학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2018

This research was done to investigate the bioreduction characteristics of perchlorate in raw sewage because sewage contains biodegradable organics and various microorganisms for biological perchlorate reduction. Two different types of sewage were tested for biological perchlorate reduction in the flasks. Sewage A was collected from the screening equipment and sewage B was collected from the primary settlement in the municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Perchlorate was completely reduced within 72hours from 8.2 and 10.4 mg/L in the sewage A and sewage B flask tests. When perchlorate and nitrate were added in sewage A, both perchlorate and nitrate were reduced. However, perchlorate and nitrate removal rates were 9.3% and 64.0% at 72hours in sewage B. Perchlorate reduction was significantly inhibited by high salinity(0.5% NaCl) in the sewage A and B. These results showed the sewage has potential for the biological perchlorate reduction in the sewage pipe.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.352-358
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• 2014

수중 내 함유된 고농도 perchlorate의 환원가능성을 perchlorate 환원 미생물인 신균주 Rhodococcus sp. YSPW01과 YSPW02로 검토하였다. Perchlorate 환원 미생물은 혐기소화조 슬러지에서 분리 배양하였으며, perchlorate 환원능을 검토하기 위해 전자공여체인 acetate를 사용하였다. YSPW01과 YSPW02는 perchlorate $82mg\;L^{-1}$와 acetate $550mg\;L^{-1}$에서 회분식 실험을 수행하였을 때, 반응 26시간과 9시간 후 각각 정상상태에 도달하였다. 이 때 perchlorate 환원은 8, 7시간 이내에 초기농도 $82mg\;L^{-1}$에서 검출한계 이하($10{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$)까지 제거되었다. 반응조 내에 acetate:perchlorate (w:w)비를 1:1에서 5:1로 증가한 결과, perchlorate의 제거 속도는 YSPW01과 YSPW02 모두 2.1, $3.2mg\;L^{-1}h^{-1}$에서 15, $15.5mg\;L^{-1}h^{-1}$로 약 4.5배 증가하였고, 최종 perchlorate는 검출한계 이하까지 제거되었다. 본 연구결과, Rhodococcus sp. YSPW01 및 YSPW02는 고농도 perchlorate 제거에 적합하며, 신균주를 고농도 perchlorate 제거를 위한 생물학적 처리공정에 응용가능 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1060-1068
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• 2007

건강유해물질인 perchlorate로 인한 음용수의 오염은 국 내외적으로 심각히 대두되고 있으나, 전세계적으로 perchlorate에 대한 국가 차원의 규제 기준을 가진 곳은 아직 없고 발암물질로 구분되지도 않은 상황이다. 최근엔 미국 환경청(US EPA)에서 perchlorate의 예방적 복원 지침서를 발표하였으며, perchlorate 분석 및 저감기술에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 현재 국내에서는 perchlorate에 대한 먹는 물 수질기준이나 배출 허용 기준 등이 설정되어 있지 않고, perchlorate에 관한 국내 연구는 초기 단계에 머무르고 있다. 본 연구에서는 perchlorate의 성상 및 인체 유해성에 관해 간단히 고찰하였고, 기존의 이온교환(Ion exchange), 생물반응기(Bioreactor), 액상 탄소 흡착(Liquid Phase Carbon Adsorption), 퇴비화 처리(Composting), 현장 생물학적 정화(In Situ Bioremediation), 투수성 반응 벽체(Permeable Reactive Barrier), 식물정화법(Phytotechnology), 막분리기술(Membrane Technologies) 등과 같은 저감 기술의 장단점 및 효율에 관해 소개하였다. 최근 활발히 진행되고 있는 투수성 반응 벽체와 생물학적 환원 기술의 통합 등에 대한 연구 및 분석기술 개발에 대해서도 소개하였다. 본 논문을 통해 향후 국내 실정에 맞는 고효율의 perchlorate 국내저감기술 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2012

In this study, the treatment ability of the wastewater containing perchlorate by non-salt tolerant perchlorate reducing bacterial consortium (N-PRBC) was evaluated in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor (CSTR). To obtain the optimal operating condition the bioreactor was operated with the different wastewater empty bed retention time (EBRT). The treatment performance in the bioreactor could be maintained at 100 $mg-ClO_4{^-}L^{-1}$ up to a EBRT of 3 h, and the removal capacity in the CSTR was about 3.3 times higher than that in a batch operation. With a decrease from 9 h to 2 h in a EBRT, the volumetric perchlorate reduction rate was increased from 11.1 $mg-ClO_4{^-}L^{-1}h^{-1}$ to 50.0 $mg-ClO_4{^-}L^{-1}h^{-1}$, and the specific perchlorate reduction rates were increased from 3.01 $mg-ClO_4{^-}g-DCW^{-1}h^{-1}$. In conclusion, the treatment capacities in a CSTR were much better than those obtained in a batch operation.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제26권
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• pp.12.1-12.7
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• 2011

Objectives: Perchlorate is an emerging contaminant that is found everywhere, including various foods. Perchlorate is known to disturb the production of thyroid hormones and leads to mental disorders in fetuses and infants, as well as metabolic problems in adults. In this study, we attempted to establish an LC-MS/MS method for measuring perchlorate in dairy products and used this developed method to investigate perchlorate levels in Korean milk and yogurt samples. Methods: The developed method of perchlorate analysis requires a shaker and 1% acetic acid/acetonitrile as the extracting solvent. Briefly, the samples were extracted and then centrifuged (4000 rpm, 1hour), and the supernatant was then passed through a $Envi^{TM}$ Carb SPE cartridge that had been prewashed sequentially with 6 mL of acetonitrile and 6 mL of 1% acetic acid in water. The final volume of the sample extract was adjusted to 40 mL with reagent water and the final sample was filtered through a 0.20-${\mu}m$ pore size PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) syringe filter prior to LC-MS/MS. Results: The average levels of perchlorate in milk and yogurt samples were $5.63{\pm}3.49\;{\mu}g/L$ and $3.65{\pm}2.42\;{\mu}g/L$, respectively. The perchlorate levels observed in milk samples in this study were similar to those reported from China, Japan, and the United States. Conclusions: The exposure of Koreans to perchlorate through the consumption of dairy products was calculated based on the results of this study. For all age groups, the calculated exposure to perchlorate was below the reference of dose (0.7 ${\mu}g/kg$-day) proposed by the National Academy of Science, USA, but the perchlorate exposure of children was higher than that of adults. Therefore, further investigation of perchlorate in other food samples is needed to enable a more exact assessment of exposure of children to perchlorate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.2577-2582
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• 2013

A novel stick-shaped portable sensing device featuring a microhole array interface between the polyvinylchloride-2-nitrophenyloctylether (PVC-NPOE) gel and water phase was developed for in-situ sensing of perchlorate ions in real water samples. Perchlorate sensitive sensing responses were obtained based on measuring the current changes with respect to the assisted transfer reaction of perchlorate ions by a perchlorate selective ligand namely, bis(dibenzoylmethanato)Ni(II) (Ni(DBM)2) across the polarized microhole array interface. Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the assisted transfer reaction of perchlorate ions by the $Ni(DBM)_2$ ligand when using the portable sensing device. The current response for the transfer of perchlorate anions by $Ni(DBM)_2$ across the micro-water/gel interface linearly increased as a function of the perchlorate ion concentration. The technique of differential pulse stripping voltammetry was also utilized to improve the sensitivity of the perchlorate anion detection down to 10 ppb. This was acquired by preconcentrating perchlorate anions in the gel layer by means of holding the ion transfer potential at 0 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 30 s followed by stripping the complexed perchlorate ion with the ligand. The effect of various potential interfering anions on the perchlorate sensor was also investigated and showed an excellent selectivity over $Br^-$, $NO_2{^-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $CO{_3}^{2^-}$, $CH_3COO^-$ and $SO{_4}^{2^-}$ ions. As a final demonstration, some regional water samples from the Sincheon river in Daegu city were analyzed and the data was verified with that of ion chromatography (IC) analysis from one of the Korean-certified water quality evaluation centers.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.822-828
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• 2007

Perchlorate is an unregulated contaminant but recently many cases of perchlorate contamination have been reported in the US. In Japan, also, a couple of contamination incidents caused by perchlorate occurred. Against this backdrop, investigation on perchlorate was urgent for Korea. Accordingly, perchlorate investigation in tap water and river water was conducted one time a week for seven consecutive weeks at major water sources of Korea including Han River, Guem River, Yeong-san River, and Nak-dong River. Perchlorate was not found at Han River, Guem River, and Yeong-san River. However, all the 4 tap water samples in Nak-dong River recorded high level of perchlorate. Among others, NT1 located at Daegu posted the highest value of $22.3{\mu}g/L$. This level is lower than $24.5{\mu}g/L$, the threshold recommended by US EPA. Still, perchlorate contamination in drinking water can deal a heavy blow to nerve development of infants and children by causing iodine deficiency. At the 1st and 2nd investigations, perchlorate concentration reached $18.7{\sim}95.6{\mu}g/L$ and $4.0{\sim}25.6{\mu}g/L$ respectively, both of which are relatively higher. The high perchlorate concentration in Nak-dong River was possible because of the waste water discharged from LCD manufacturing factory which was located at NS3 in Gumi, Korea. Perchlorate concentration of waste water from the factory was $730{\sim}1,858{\mu}g/L$.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of low concentration of oxygen on reduction of perchlorate, especially low perchlorate influent concentrations in a biofilm reactor, as well as the effect of flow pattern in a biofilm reactor. Dissolved oxygen averaging 1 mg/L did not inhibit reduction of influent perchlorate from 23 to $426\;{\mu}g/L$ in the biofilm reactors when sufficient acetate was added, probably due to limitation of oxygen diffusion into the biofilm. Influent perchlorate ranging from 23 to $426\;{\mu}g/L$ was reduced to below detection level ($4\;{\mu}g/L$) in the presence of 1 mg/L dissolved oxygen (DO). Chloride was produced in a ratio of $0.37gCl^-/g{ClO_4}^-$ and $0.35gCl^-/g{ClO_4}^-$ in plug flow and recirculation biofilm reactor which is similar to stoichiometric amount ($0.36gCl^-/g{ClO_4}^-$) indicating complete perchlorate reduction at $426\;{\mu}g/L$ of ${ClO_4}^-$ feeding. At $23\;{\mu}g/L$L influent perchlorate, total biomass solids were 3.18 g and 2.81 g in the plug flow and recirculation biofilm reactors. The most probable number(MPN) analysis for perchlorate-reducing bacteria showed $10^4$ to $10^5\;cells/cm^2$ in both biofilm reactors throughout the experiments. The effluent perchlorate concentrations were not significantly different in the two different flow regimes, plug flow and recirculation biofilm reactors.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.532-536
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 IC-MS/MS 시스템에 내부표준물질($^{35}Cl^{18}O_4^-$)을 이용하여 식품에서의 정확한 perchlorate 분석을 위한 최적화된 전처리 방법을 제시하였다. Perchlorate를 분석하기 위한 식품의 전처리는 미국 FDA에서 제안하는 perchlorate 분석을 위한 식품 전처리 방법을 변형하여 더욱 재현성이 높은 방법을 제시하였으며, 제시된 분석법의 신뢰성을 검증하기 위한 유효성의 검토는 음용수, 우유 및 분유, 쌀, 채소류, 해조류 등 다양한 식품들을 대상으로 MDL과 LOQ를 설정하여 외국의 사례와 비교 확인하였다. 또한 시료에 표준물질을 첨가하여 회수율 및 재현성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 수행된 5 ${\mu}g/L$ 및 5, 10 ${\mu}g/kg$의 perchlorate 회수율 시험 결과 모든 시료에서 %RSD는 적합범위(<20%) 내에 포함되었고 평균 %RSD는 6.4%로 나타났으며, %Recovery도 98-105%로 적합한(80% < x < 120%) 범위로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시한 정확한 perchlorate 분석을 위한 식품 시료의 전처리 방법은 반복 분석을 통한 시험의 정확도 및 재현성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 향후 다른 식품에 대한 perchlorate 분석에도 적용하여 관련분야 연구에 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다.