• Animal cells and systems
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2009

The effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a GABA receptor antagonist, were studied on passive avoidance learning and expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), neuroglobin, and fatty acid binding protein-7 (fabp-7) genes. Zebrafish were trained to stay in a dark compartment to avoid a weight dropping in an acryl shuttle box with a central sliding door. In two training sessions of 2 h interval, each consisting of 3 trials, the crossing time was significantly increased from $43.2{\pm}14.4s$ to $149.3{\pm}38.5s$ in the first training session and remained $116.1{\pm}36.0s$ s in the first trial of the second training session in the control. In zebrafish treated with PTZ before the first training session, the crossing time was significantly increased neither in the first nor in the second training session. However, the increased crossing time was maintained in the second training session when 10 mM PTZ was treated three times for 10 min at 30 min intervals between the first and second training session. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that expression level of hsp70 mRNA increased two to eight fold over that of control in the brain at 0-24 h after termination of PTZ treatment. No change in expression of neuroglobin and fabp-7 mRNA was shown in PTZ-treated zebrafish. Our studies suggest that PTZ impairs learning ability in avoidance response and also modifies expression of genes related to the neuroprotection.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.167-179
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• 1999

냉동생물학 연구분야 중 동면의 기전은 미래의 우주과학과 저온생물학이 풀어야 될 중요한 과제로서, 박쥐를 비롯한 동면동물을 사용하는 응용과학에서 가장 주목을 받아 오고 있다. 동면동물의 동면돌입 현상이 체온하강과 함께 뇌 전도상 전간발작 (epileptic seizure)을 유도시킨다는 가설을 검증하기 위하여 여러 가지 박쥐를 포함하는 동면동물을 대상으로 박쥐의 정상 동면돌입과정과 전간발작유발인자인 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), pentylenetetrazol (metrazol), intermittent light stimulation (ILS)이 박쥐의 체온 (Tb), 심박률 (HR), 뇌전도 (EEG), 뇌영상 (brain mapping) 등에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 정상 동면돌입과정에 있어서는 안주애기박쥐는 1∼2개의 고평부를 형성하지만 대체로 2시 간 후에 동면에 안정 (심박률 15회/분)되었고 작은갈색박쥐는 2시간 30분에 동면온도에서 안정되었다. THC는 햄스터의 체온을 감소시켰고, pentylenetetrazol (metrazol)의 유의한 체온하강효과는 볼 수 없었으나, ILS는 긴가락박쥐, 쇠박쥐의 체온과 심박률을 하강시켰으며, 문둥이박쥐는 정상적으로 동면돌입시 뇌전도상 epileptic seizure시 나타나는 뇌파 (3 spikes and wave/sec)를 나타내었으며, 사람의 경우 ILS 자극 (Intensity 4∼8, 20 flashes/sec)을 받은 9명 중 1명에서 epileptic seizure시의 EEG상의 뇌영상 (brain map) (우측 후두엽의 일부만이 활성)으로 추측되는 소견을 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 실험결과는, 북부 온대지방의 동면동물인 박쥐와 햄스터의 경우 동면돌입과 체온하강 및 전간발작과 상당한 관련성이 있음을 암시한다고 사료된다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.327-337
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• 2023

Objectives: Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by repeated seizures attributable to synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. The study evaluated the effect of acetone extract of Adansonia digitata stem bark (ASBE) on seizure score, cognition, depression, and neurodegeneration as well as the level of Gamma-Aminobutyrate acid (GABA) and glutamate in Pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats. Methods: Thirty-five rats were assigned into five groups (n = 7). Groups 1-2 received normal saline and 35 mg/kg PTZ every other day. Groups 3-4 received 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg ASBE orally while group 5 received 5 mg/kg diazepam daily for twenty-six days. Group 3-5 received PTZ every other day, 30 mins after ASBE and diazepam. Results: The results showed that Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induces seizure, reduces mobility time in force swim test and decreases the normal cell number in the brain. It also significantly decreases (p < 0.05) catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione activities compared to the ASBE pre-treated rats. Pre-treatment with ASBE reportedly decreases seizure activities significantly (p < 0.05) and increases mobility time in the force swim test. ASBE also significantly elevate (p < 0.05) the normal cell number in the hippocampus, temporal lobe, and dentate gyrus. Conclusion: ASBE reduced seizure activity and prevented depression in PTZ-treated rats. It also prevented neurodegeneration by regulating glutamate and GABA levels in the brain as well as preventing lipid peroxidation.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1982

Zizyphus seed(Zizyphus vulgaris Lamark var. Spinosus Bunge) has long been used as hypnotics and sedatives in oriental medicine, and it is reported that the Zizyphus seed elicited a variety of pharmacologic actions besides CNS depression. Present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Zizyphus seed on the central nervous system and on the blood pressure. The effect of Zizyphus seed on the central nervous system was measured by the influence of thiopental sleeping time and by inhibition of chemical convulsion (strychnine and pentylenetetrazol induced). Blood pressure changes by Zizyphus extract and its mode of action were investigated. The ground Zizyphus seed was extracted with hexane and methanol, consecutively and the supernatants were discarded. The precipitate was re-extracted with distilled water and the supernatant was evaporated to a dark-brownish sticky liquid, which was used as Zizyphus seed extract in this study after dissolving in saline prior to experiment. The results are as follows. 1) Zizyphus seed extract caused marked prolongation of the thiopental sleeping time in mice. 2) The chemical convulsion by strychnine and pentylenetetrazol, and the mortality by them in chicks were not affected by pretreatment of Zizyphus seed extract. 3) Zizyphus seed extract produced transient fall of blood pressure in the cat, and this hypotentive effect was blocked partially by atropine but not affected by bilateral vagotomy and/or hexamethonium, nor propranolol and, chlorpheniramine and/or cimetidine. With the above results, it may be suggested that the water extract of Zizyphus seeds contains components producing CNS depression and hypotension. Furthermore it is felt that the cholinergic effect, but not the adrenergic or histaminergic, is partly responsible for the hypotensive effect of Zizyphus seed extract.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.205-226
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• 1997

Sanpoongdan(SPD) has been known effective on infantile convulsive disorders in clinical field of oriental medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-convulsive, sedation and analgesic effects of SPD in mouse. The anticonvulsive effect was evaluated In mice treated with pentylenetetrazol, stychnine, and picrotoxin. For the sedative effect, observations were made on the sleeping time induced by thiopental sodium and pentobarbital sodium following oral administration of SPD. Furthermore, reduction of spontaneous movements and ataxia using rota rod method were evaluated. Analgesic effects on the writhing syndrome induced by acetic acid and on hindlimb pain induced by pressure were also observed. The findings were as follows : 1. The solid extracts of SPD revealed no effect on convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol, strychnine, and picrotoxin. 2. Thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time was prolonged by the administration of the solid extracts of SPD, but this result was devoid of statistical significance. 3. The oral administration of SPD enhanced the sleeping induced by pentobarbital sodium. 4. Spontaneous movements were significantly depressed following the oral administration of the solid extracts of SPD. 5. Ataxia was not shown in rota rod method following the oral administration of the solid extracts of SPD. 6. The solid extracts of SPD showed positive analgesic effects on the acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome. 7. The solid extracts of SPD raised the threshold of the hindlimb pressure pain, but the result was not statistically significant. From the results, it can be concluded that SPD has sedative and analgesic effects.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 파극천 추출물의 수면연장 시간, 항 경련효과 및 시험관내에서 파극천의 각 분획별 활성산소의 소거능을 관찰하여 본 결과 pentobarbital을 투여한 대조군의 수면 유도시간 및 수면시간($3.77{\pm}0.56$분, 수면시간 $68.3{\pm}6.8$분)이 파극천 추출물(200 mg/kg)을 전 처리하고 pentobarbital을 투여함으로써 수면유도 시간($3.95{\pm}0.56$분) 및 수면시간($110.4{\pm}10.3$분)이 연장되었다. PTZ에 의해 유도되는 경련 발작이 대조군 $4.9{\pm}0.98$인데 비해 파극천(200 mg/kg)의 전처리로 경련박작이 $3.2{\pm}0.54$로 현저히 억제되었으며 이 결과는 PTZ의 경련발현시간, 경련유지시간 및 사망시간에 미치는 파극천의 영향과 유사하였다. 뇌중 GABA 함량은 PTZ의 투여로 정상군에 비하여 억제되던 것이 파극천의 전처리로 증가 되었으며, GABA-T의 활성과 지질과산화의 함량은 PTZ의 투여로 각각 증가되던 것이 파극천 추출물의 투여로 억제되었다. 시험관내에서 PTZ로 유도된 뇌조직중의 hydroxy radical의 생성량은 butanol 및 dichlomethane 분획의 첨가($20{\times}10^{-2}g/ml$)에서 약 35%에서 50%까지 감소하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 1993

To evaluate KR-10876, a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, its effects on the central nervous system(CNS) were investigated in mmice as part of phamacological study, and the results were compared with those for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, two prototypes of quinolone antiabctrial agents. All the parameters indicative of CNS function and acute toxicity were measured by close observation of the animals at regular time intervals after oral treatment of test compounds. KR-10876 did not have any effect on the parameters measured at lower does (100, 300 mg/kg, p.o.), it caused ptosis, suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity, hypothemia, and prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time. KR-10876 also had a slight effect on motor coordination only at high dose. Simialr to ciprofloxacin, KR-10876 did not protect mice from pentylenetetrazol-strychnine-, and electroshock-inducedl convulsions at doses tested. These findings demonstrate that KR-10876 affects CNS functions only at high doses. The rank order for effects is ofloxacin$\le$KR-10876>ciprofloxacin.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2006

Objectives: We investigated the effect of electroacupuncture on epileptic rat model and its underlying mechanisms on suppression of the epilepsy. Methods: It was used pentylenetetrazol $(35{\sim}40\;mg/kg.\;i.p)$ induced epileptic rat model and square wave electrical stimulations (5 mA, 5, 40 or 80 Hz frequency) was applied to acupoints on 'Dazhui' and 'Taichong' for 30min. Results: Electroacupuncture suppressed spikes and slow waves of EEG due to the epileptic condition. Out of electroacupuncture, a high frequency of 80Hz had a better effect for suppress epileptic EEG wave. Conclusions: Electroacupuncture can markedly reduce the excitability of cerebral cortex and strengthen the inhibitory process, checking epilepsy wave. Some intrathalamic nuclei have a promoting or inhibiting effect on epileptic EEG wave. This experimental study we are proposed to Electro-acupuncture can suppression epileptic rat model and it's scientific mechanisms.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2017

Epilepsy is a brain disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent and unpredictable seizures that are usually controlled with antiepileptic/anticonvulsive drugs. However, most antiepileptic drugs produce various side effects such as tolerance and sedation. Thus, there is a growing interest for alternative anticonvulsive drugs, preferably from natural or herbal sources. In this study, we evaluated the anticonvulsive effects of Rehmannia glutinosa (RG). The anticonvulsive effect of RG extract was evaluated using electroshock- and chemical-induced seizure tests in mice. To identify its probable mechanism of action, the effects of RG extract on $Cl^-$ influx was measured in vitro. We found that RG extract has anticonvulsive effects against electroshock-induced seizures, as indicated by an increased seizure threshold in mice. The RG extract also decreased the percentage of seizure responses induced by the GABAergic antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. These results suggest that the anticonvulsive effects of RG extract are mediated through a GABAergic mechanism. In support of this mechanism, our in vitro test showed that RG extract increases intracellular $Cl^-$ influx. Furthermore, RG extract did not show sedative and/or muscle relaxant effects in the open-field and rota-rod tests. Altogether, these results confirm that RG extract could be a herbal anticonvulsant and a potential alternative for clinical use.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.491-495
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• 1999

In order to examine the effects of N-substituted alkyl group on the anticonvulsant activities of N-Cbz-$\alpha$-aminoglutarimides as novel anticonvulsants with broad spectrum, a series of (R) or (S) N-Cbz-$\alpha$-amino-N-alkylglutarimides (1 and 2) were prepared from the corresponding (R) or (S) N-Cbz-glutamic acid and evaluated for the anticonvulsant activities in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test and pentylenetetrazol induced seizure(PTZ) test, including the neurotoxicity. The most potent compound in the MES test was (S) N-Cbz-$\alpha$-amino-N-methylglutarimide($ED_{50}$=36.3 mg/kg, PI=1.7). This compound was also most potent in the PTZ test ($ED_{50}$=12.5 mg/kg, PI=5.0). The order of anticonvulsant activities against the MES test as evaluated form $ED_{50}$ values for (R) series was N-methyl > N-H > N-ethyl > N-allyl ; for the (S) series N-methyl > N-H > N-ethyl > N-alkyl > N-isobutyl compound. Against the PTZ tests, the order of anticonvulsant activities showed similar pattern ; for the (R) series, N-methyl > N-H > N-ethyl > N-allyl ; for the (S) series N-methyl > N-H > N-ethyl > N-allyl > N-isobutyl compound. From the above results, N-substituted alkyl groups were though to play an important role for the anticonvulsant activities of N-Cbz-$\alpha$-amino-N-alkylgutarimides.