• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.364-371
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• 1986

High-ester pectin was demethylated by the treatments of HCl alone and a combination of HCl and $NH_4OH$. The low-ester pectin prepared were analyzed for chemical composition and the pectin gels were evaluated for firmness by sag values and strength by puncture stress. Gels made from HCl demethylated sample showed brittle, weak and poor elastic characteristics while the $HCl-NH_4OH$ treated samples generally resulted in a smooth and elastic gels except those samples having very low content of ester group or acid amide group. Statistical analysis showed that significant correlations were found between sag values and ester content or molecular weight, and puncture stress and ester content, acid amide groups or molecular weight. The equations derived for sag, puncture stress and sag/puncture stress from chemical data could be useful for prediction of some of the physical properties of low-ester pectin gel.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.542-547
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• 1995

Pectinesterase was isolated from the culture medium of Aspergillus japonicus and partially purified by DEAE-Sephadex batchwise, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme solution was completely free from polygalacturonase which depolymerizes pectin molecule. The ability of the pectinesterase to demethylate high methoxyl pectin was investigated. On 20 minute of incubation methoxyl content of low methoxyl pectin decreased from 88％ to 6.93%. In general gel prepared with the pectin containing lower methoxyl content showed the lower value of percent sag, and showed the hieher Bel strength. Textural characteristics of pectin gel determined by Rheometer showed that as the methoxyl content was lowered, hardness and resilience of the gel were increased and cohesiveness was decreased. Apple juice containing HMP and organic acids can be converted into low methoxyl pectin apple jelly by the action of pectinesterase and addition of calcium ion. The strength of low methoxyl pectin apple jelly increased when it stored at room temperature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.336-341
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• 1995

Effect on alginate, pectin and Ca salts on textural properties of whole soybean gel(soygel) was investigated. The soygel was prepared by addition of sodium alginate, pectin and Ca salts into whole soy flour(300 mesh, WSF) suspension followed by through mixing. Addition of sodium alginate or pectin into WSF suspension significantly increased the hardness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness of the gel. The most uniform gel was obtained by $12{\sim}15%$ addition of sodium alginate or pectin, while their mixture rather decreased the textural properties. Sensory evaluation by ranking test for the gels showed that 12% sodium alginate and 0.125g $CaSO_4/g$ WSF produced the most desirable gel in terms of elasticity, uniformity, smoothness and total acceptability, followed by 12% sodium alginate and 0.12g Ca $gluconate-CaSO_4$(50 : 50). From the results, the optimal preparative conditions for soygel were suspension of WSF in 10 times of water(v/w), addition of 12% sodium alginate(w/w of WSF) and 12.5% $CaSO_4$ or Ca $gluconate-CaSO_4$(50 : 50) into WSF suspension followed by gel formation at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.19-23
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• 1991

This study was conducted to compare the characteristics of reference starch gel and 5 additives-adding corn starch gels (agar, CMC, pectin, casein, gelatin). The sensory evaluation, textural analysis by Instron Universal Testing Machine were carried out The results were as follows: 1. In sensory evaluation. \circled1 The hardness of agar was significantly higher than that of control and the hardness of pectin was significantly lower than that of control. \circled2 The adhesiveness of CMC and pectin was significantly higher than that of control, and the adhesiveness of agar was significantly lower than that of control. \circled3 In acceptability, CMC and pectin were significantly higher than control and the other samples were not significantly different from control. 2. In textural analysis by Instron. \circled1 The hardness of agar was significantly higher than that of control and the hardness of the other samples was significantly lower than that of control. \circled2 The cohesiveness of agar and casein was significantly higher than that of control and the cohesiveness of gelatin was significantly lower than that of control. 3. In sensory evaluation or instrumental analysis by Instron. It was thought that the best sample-classifying characteristic was hardness.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

Passion fruit fiber pectin gels represent a new alternative pectin source with potential for food and non-food applications on a commercial scale. Pectic polysaccharides were extracted from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) fiber using citric acid as a clean catalyst and autoclaved for 20 to 60 min at $121^{\circ}C$. The best condition of pectin yield with the highest molecular weight was obtained with 1.0% of citric acid (250 mg/g dry passion fruit fiber pectin) for 20 min of autoclaving. Spectroscopic analyses by Fourier transform infrared, enzymatic degradation reactions, and ion-exchange chromatography assays showed that passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was homogeneous high methoxylated pectin (70%). Gel permeation analysis confirmed that the pectin extract obtained by autoclaving by 20 min showed higher molecular weights than those autoclaved for 40 and 60 min. Passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was enzymatically modified with fungal pectinmethylesterase to create restructured gels. Short autoclave treatment (20 min) with citric acid as extractant resulted in a significant increase of gel strength, improving pectin extraction in terms of functionality. The treatment of solubilized material (pectic polysaccharides) in the presence of insoluble material (cellulose and hemicellulose) with pectinmethylesterase and calcium led to the creation of a stiffer passion fruit fiber pectin gel, while syneresis was not observed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.33-39
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• 1981

This study was attempted to determine the pectin contents of various fruits(Cherry, strawberry, plum, peach, apricot, apple, crabapple) and to investigate the changes in the properties of pectin and pectin gel during crabapple ripening. Methoxyl content, molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity were measured in ripened and unripened crabapples. In order to determine the characteristics of pectin gel, percent sag was measured by exchange Ridgelimeter, hardness and textural characteristics of jellies were measured by a penetrometer and a texturometer. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. The pectin contents of various fruits were 1.16% for cherry, 3.17% fir strawberry, 4.29% for plum, 5.51% for apricot, and pectin contents of peaches and apples varies depends on varieties from 4.54% to 5.61% to 6.52, respectively. The pectin contents of unripened and ripened crabapple wee 9.21% and 9.84% respectively, indicating that pectin content increased with fruit maturity. 2. The methoxyl contents, which was 6.61%~6.95%, was very low and it increased significantly during fruit ripening. Further, a decrease in acetyl content, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight occurred during the ripening of crabapples. 3. The percent sag of crabapple jellies increased with fruit maturity from 5.26% to 5.79%, and the corresponding jelly grade decreased in ripened crabapple. 4. The hardness of jellies determined by a penetrometer was 79.15 pp.U. for ripened crabapple jelly, 90.62 pp.U. for unripe ned crabapple jelly. 5. In the textural characteristics of gels measured by a texturometer, the gels made from unripened crabapple were shown to have the highest values in hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and gumminess.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.298-308
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• 1994

The properties of polygalacturonase by Ganoderma lucidum in liquid culture were investigated. The enzyme was composed of an endo- and an exo-polygalacturonase. The endo- and exo-polygalacturonase were purified approximately 56 and 9.2-fold, respectively, through ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Biogel P-100, anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-150 and re-gel chromatography on Sephadex G-150. The endo- and exo-polygalacturonase had higher affinity for apple pectin than for citrus pectin or pectic acid. The Km values of the endo- and exo-polygalacturonase for apple pectin, determined on the Lineweaver-Burk plot, were 1.44 and 10.6 mg $ml^{-1}$ for apple pectin, respectively. Purified endo-polygalacturonase was found to be homogeneous electrophoretically and had a molecular weight of 54,000 estimated on SDS polyacrylamide gel. The optimal pH for the activity of the enzymes was 4.0. The endo- and exo-polygalacturonase were stable in the pH range of 4.0 to 6.0 and 3.5 to 5.5, respectively. The optimal temperatures of the endo- and exo-polygalacturonase were 40 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The exo-polygalacturonase was more resistant to heat than the endo-polygalacturonase, requiring heating for 40 min at $80^{\circ}C$ for complete inactivation. The activity of the endo-polygalacturonase was increased by $Ca^{++}$ and $Mn^{++}\;ions$, while that of the exo-polygalacturonase was increased by $Ca^{++}\;ion$ only, and was not affected by $Mn^{++}\;ion$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2021

Very low methoxyl pectin (VLMP) has different physical and rheological properties compared to high and low methoxyl pectins (HMP and LMP). In this study, we produced LMP and VLMP by alkaline de-esterification, and investigated the structural and textural properties. Apple peel pectin was kept at pH 12 using 5.0 M NaOH solution for 3 and 24 h to produce LMP and VLMP, respectively. The molecular weight was decreased due to the removal of an esterified group in the pectin backbones by the alkali treatment, and the VLMP showed a higher calcium ion sensitivity which leads to the production of the gel with increased hardness. The result clearly showed that VLMP has the potential to improve the texture and stability in food products depending on their degree of esterification, and this result can be applied as a functional ingredient in food industrial area application to enhance the current commercial pectins.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.26-32
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• 1998

The chemical composition of differentiating xylem of Populus deltoides M. were investigated and compared with those from sapwood. The cell wall polysaccharides were extracted sequentially from a differentiating xylem and sugar composition was analyzed with G.L.C, H.P.L.C and gel chromatograpy. The pectin substance and hemicellulose are rich in the cell wall of differentiating xylem. The $H_2O$ extract polysaccharides from differentiating xylem were composed with xylose-glucose residues which seem to be xyloglucan and a pectin. The arabinogalactan and the mannan were extracted with $Na_2CO_3$ solution and also the xylan was extracted with KOH solution. Sugar composition of each fractions in gel filteration of purified $H_2O$ polysaccharide suggests that the xyloglucan can be extracted with $H_2O$ from differentiating xylem.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2001

This study was to investigate the relationship between the gel layer thickness and swelling boundary via strength measurements using texture analysis. The novel texture analysis approach was used to examine the dynamics of swelling behavior in a ternary polymeric matrix tablet. The method permitted the characterization of the changes occurring at the peripheral as well as within interior boundary of the swelling during water ingress. The increase in gel strength for pectin, HPMC, and a ternary mixture with gelatin was found to depend on polymer concentration. Therefore, this method is further applicable to characterize the swelling behavior and provide opportunity to differentiate the gel-layer from that of swelling boundary.