• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2017

심전도(ECG) 신호에서 R-피크를 추출하는 기법에 대하여 많은 연구가 진행 되어 왔으며, 다양한 방법으로 구현되어 왔다. 그러나 이러한 검출 방법 대부분은 실시간 휴대용 심전도 장치에서 구현하기가 복잡하고 어려운 단점이 있다. R-피크 검출을 위해서는 심전도 데이터에 대하여 베이스라인 드리프트 및 상용전원 잡음 제거 등의 적절한 전처리 및 후가공이 필요하며, 특히 적응형 필터를 활용한 기법에서는 적절한 임계값을 선택하는 것이 중요하다. 적응형 필터의 임계값을 추출하는 방식에서는 고정형(Fixed) 및 적응형(adaptive)으로 구분할 수 있다. 고정 임계 값 추출 방식은 고정된 임계값 보다 낮은 값의 입력이 들어오는 경우에 R-피크 값을 감지하지 못하는 경우가 있으며, 적응 임계값 추출 방식은 때때로 잡음에 의한 잘못된 임계값을 도출하여, 다른 파형(P혹은 T파)의 피크를 감지하는 경우도 나타난다. 본 논문에서는 계산상의 복잡성이 적고, 코드 구현이 단순하면서도 잡음에 강인한 R-피크 검출 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 방식은 앞서 설명한 임계값 추출 문제를 해결하기 위해서, 적응형 필터를 사용해, 심전도 신호에서 베이스 라인 드리프트 제거를 하여 적절한 임계값을 계산하도록 한다. 그리고 필터 처리된 심전도 신호의 최소 값과 최대 값을 사용하여 적절한 임계값이 자동으로 추출 되도록 한다. 그런 다음 심전도 신호로부터 R-피크를 검출하기 위해 임계값 아래에서 'neighborhood searching' 기법이 적용된다. 제안된 방법은 R-피크 검출의 정확도를 향상시키고, 계산 량을 줄여 검출 속도가 보다 빨라지도록 하였다. 다음으로 R-피크 값이 검출 되면, R-R interval 등의 값을 이용해 심박 수를 계산할 수 있도록 한다. 실험결과 심박 수 검출 정확도와 감도가 약 100%로 매우 높았음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.67-78
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• 1996

This study was performed to compare the TMJ sounds by means of vibration-related items by Sonopak such as integral, high integral, above 300/(0-300) ratio, peak amplitude, peak frequency and median frequency before and after occlusa1 splint therapy as well as counselling, physical modalities. For this study 22 patients with craniomandibular disorders (CMDs) were selected and examined by routine diagnostic procedure for CMDs including Transcranial and Panoramic radiographs and were classified into 3 CMDs subgroups : disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement without reduction, and degenerative joint disease. Visual analogue scale (VAS) about joint sound was recorded during treatment period and VAS treatment index (VAS Ti) was calculated from the VAS data and treatment duration. The author evaluated and compared treatment results by several parmeters such as symptom duration, timing of joint sound, parafunctional habits, trauma, and diagnostic classification. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Before the treatment, the highest value of peak amplitude was observed in disc displacement with reduction group and value of median frequency was highest in degenerative joint disease group. In addition the highest values of peak frequency and ratio ware observed in degenerative joint disease group, though they were not significant. Furthermore the lowest value of high integral was observed in disc displacement without reduction group and though it was not significant, value of integral was lowest in that group. 2. Among 3CMDs subgroups disc displacement with reduction group showed the significantly decreased value of high integral and degenerative joint disease group had the significantly decreased value of integral after conservative treatment including occlusal splint therapy. Conclusively conservative treatment including occlusal splint therapy vay be effective in the treatment of CMDs including TMJ sound. 3. Fair prognosis for conservative treatment was observed in acute group under 6 months than chronic group, 6 months over in symptom duration but there was no statistical difference. The result for conservative treatment was observed slightly poor in subjects with bruxism, clenching, unilateral chewing habit and trauma history but there were no statistical differences.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제67권10호
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• pp.1278-1285
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• 2018

For saving electricity bill, energy storage system(ESS) is being installed in factories, public building and commercial building with a Time-of-Use(TOU) tariff which consists of demand charge(KRW/kW) and energy charge(KRW/kWh). However, both of peak reduction and ESS special tariff are not considered in an analysis of initial cost payback period(ICPP) on ESS. Since it is difficult to reflect base rate by an amount of uncertain peak demand reduction during mid-peak and on-peak periods in the future days. Therefore, the ICPP on ESS can be increased. Based on this background, this paper presents the advanced analysis method for the ICPP on ESS. In the proposed algorithm, the representative days of monthly electricity consumption pattern for the amount of peak reduction can be found by the k­means clustering algorithm. Moreover, the total expected energy costs of representative days are minimized by optimal daily ESS operation considering both peak reduction and the special tariff through a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP). And then, the amount of peak reduction becomes a value that the sum of the expected energy costs for 12 months is maximum. The annual benefit cost is decided by the amount of annual peak reduction. Two simulation cases are considered in this study, which one only considers the special tariff and another considers both of the special tariff and amount of peak reduction. The ICPP in the proposed method is shortened by 18 months compared to the conventional method.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.707-715
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• 2000

Background: Cold blood cardioplegic solution has been used to protect myocardium during open heart surgery with the hypothesis stating that it provides more oxygen supply to myocardium compared to crystalloid caridoplegic solution. We repeatedly infused cold blood cardioplegic solution to achieve myocardial protection. We biopsied a small portion of papillary muscle of patients with mitral valve replacement or double valve replacement during aortic cross-clamp time and evaluated the method of myocardial protection through the observation of changes in ultrastructure. We then analysed the relationship between changes in ultrasructure and peak postoperative CK-MB value and SGOT value. Material and method: We report observation on changes of myocardial ultrastructure, postoperative CK-MB and SGOT, and electrocardiogram in 31 patients who underwent cardiac operation. There were 11 males and 20 females, and they ranging in age from 28 to 69 years(mean score was 2.08$\pm$0.560, it was 2.37$\pm$0.558 at 40 minutes, and it was 2.36$\pm$0.523 at 70minutes. Mitochondrial score increased significant at 40 minutes. Mean value of postoperative peak CK-MB and SGOT were 37.3$\pm$17.061IU, 144.5$\pm$125.5IU respectively. We were not able to find any new Q were in EKG after the operation. There was no significant relationship between myocardium mitochondrial score and mean value of postoperative peak CK-MB and SGOT. Conclusion: In conclusion, with this study the cold blood cardioplegic solution was incomplete in preserving ultrastructure of myocardium even with satisfactory results in serum enzyme and EKG evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2008

This study was conducted to discuss the effects of hardener and extender contents on peak temperature, reaction enthalpy (${\Delta}H$), gelation time, viscosity change, and pH value in three types of UMF (urea-melamine- formaldehyde) resin with the help of perpHecT LogR meter, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and advanced rheometric expansion system (ARES), The results indicated that the pH value of Control A steeply decreased to 5,2 in the early stage but relatively remained constant thereafter as in Synthesis 1 and Synthesis 2, The peak temperature and time decreased as well, whereas ${\Delta}H$ and viscosity increased with the increase of hardener content. On the other hand, ${\Delta}H$ was not changed up to the extender content of 5% and then decreased with its further addition, And the pH value and peak temperature showed no change with the increase of extender content at the hardener content of 5% in three types of UMF resin, The effect of hardener content in this experiment, however, appeared more conspicuous in Control A than in the other two types of Synthesis 1 and Synthesis 2, These results might be caused by higher molecular weight with longer chains of methylene ($-CH_2-$) and methylene ($-CH_2-O-CH_2-$) ether bridges or much more branched chains in Control A.

• 전자공학회논문지T
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• 제35T권3호
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• pp.120-127
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 25㎒대역에서 피크값 검출, time average 및 depth profile 알고리즘을 초음파 현미경에 적용하였고 각 알고리즘의 성능을 비교, 분석하였다. time average 알고리즘에서는 동전 한 지점에서 반사된 펄스파가 시간영역에서 디지털 값으로 변환되고 변환된 512개 데이터의 평균값이 계산된다. time average영상은 샘플의 스캐닝영역에서 획득된 N×N 매트릭스 평균값들이 그레이레벨에 의해 획득된다. 시간영역에서 smoothing효과를 갖는 이 기술은 산란현상을 많이 일으키는 영역의 초음파영상을 향상시킬 수 있다. depth profile 기술에서는 기준신호와 검출신호의 시간차가 최소 2ns의 분해능을 갖고 검출되므로 스캐닝 영역의 3차원적인 실제 형태가 상대적인 크기로 검출된다. 이러한 실험을 통하여 피크값 검출, time average 및 depth profile 알고리즘이 분석되었고 각 알고리즘의 잇점이 제시되었다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.411-421
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• 2014

A central pullout test was conducted to investigate the bonding properties between high strength rebar and reactive powder concrete (RPC), which covered ultimate pullout load, ultimate bonding stress, free end initial slip, free end slip at peak load, and load-slip curve characteristics. The effects of varying rebar buried length, thickness of protective layer and diameter of rebars on the bonding properties were studied, and how to determine the minimum thickness of protective layer and critical anchorage length was suggested according the test results. The results prove that: 1) Ultimate pull out load and free end initial slip load increases with increase in buried length, while ultimate bonding stress and slip corresponding to the peak load reduces. When buried length is increased from 3d to 4d(d is the diameter of rebar), after peak load, the load-slip curve descending segment declines faster, but later the load rises again exceeding the first peak load. When buried length reaches 5d, rebar pull fracture occurs. 2) As thickness of protective layer increases, the ultimate pull out load, ultimate bond stress, free end initial slip load and the slip corresponding to the peak load increase, and the descending section of the curve becomes gentle. The recommended minimum thickness of protective layer for plate type members should be the greater value between d and 10 mm, and for beams or columns the greater value between d and 15 mm. 3) Increasing the diameter of HRB500 rebars leads to a gentle slope in the descending segment of the pullout curve. 4) The bonding properties between high strength steel HRB500 and RPC is very good. The suggested buried length for test determining bonding strength between high strength rebars and RPC is 4d and a formula to calculate the critical anchorage length is established. The relationships between ultimate bonding stress and thickness of protective layer or the buried length was obtained.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회A
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• pp.1617-1622
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• 2008

We report a new molecular detection process which measures the changes in the plasmon resonance peaks of periodic Au nanoparticle arrays fabricated using the electron beam lithography. As the Au nanoparticle arrays are modified by the chemical reaction in solutions having various concentrations of a target molecule, both the position and intensity of the plasmon peak change in proportion to the concentration of the target molecule. We expect that the process developed in this work can be employed for fine tuning of the plasmon peak wavelength and also for the optical detection of various kinds of molecules. Moreover, this method may improve the measurement accuracy compared with existing approaches that use only one change (peak wavelength or peak intensity) as a readout value for the molecular detection.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.6-8
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• 1999

In this paper deals with running test for the UTM(Urban Transit Maglev)-01, that is test and evaluation for the maglev. We will predict about the test value for running maglev vhicle. In this time we tested rms gap fluctuation and peak to peak air gap for levitation system of UTM-01. And then we profit for the upgrade Maglev System.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.434-438
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of calcaneal taping on peak plantar pressure of rearfoot and forefoot while walking. Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects with normal feet participated in this study. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) no disturbance of gait and foot pain, (2) normal range of motion of ankle joint, (3) no foot deformity. Pedoscan was used for recording of plantar pressure data during walking. The participants walked along a 12-m walkway before and after application of calcaneal taping. The plantar pressure gait was measured 3 times under barefoot and calcaneal taping conditions randomly at a speed practiced with the metronome during gait. The peak plantar pressure data were calculated for medial and lateral areas of the rearfoot and forefoot. The paired t-test was used to determine significant differences in peak plantar pressure of rearfoot and forefoot before and after application of calcaneal taping. A p-value less than 0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: The calcaneal taping resulted in statistically significant decreases in peak plantar pressure of the rearfoot (medial side: p=0.03; lateral side: p=0.01). However, there were no significant changes in peak plantar pressure of the forefoot (medial side: p=0.45; lateral side: p=0.40). Conclusion: The calcaneal taping is recommended to reduce plantar pressure of the rearfoot in weight-bearing activities in subjects with plantar heel pain caused by atrophy of the fat pad.