• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.491-497
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• 2002

Dynamic behavior of the molten drop during the peak period in the pulsed-GMAW is simulated in this work using the VOF(volume of the fluid) algerian. The dynamic characteristics of molten drop such as minimum radius, average velocity and displacement of mass center were computed as well as the internal pressure and velocity. The minimum and maximum peak durations for detaching a drop were calculated.. The result of Analysis reveals that peak current and volume of pendant drop are important factors which affecting drop detachment. A simplified model of constant acceleration is proposed to describe the behavior of molten drop during peak current, and its results agree with the experimental results.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

High strength steels have been continually being developed to improve in fuel economy in automotive and ensure safety of passengers. New bonding and welding methods have been required for improving weldability on high strength steels. In this study, resistance spot welding and Weld-bond with nugget diameters of 4.0mm, 5.0mm, 6.0mm and 7.0mm were produced and tested, respectively. In order to confirm the effect of nugget diameters on tensile shear characteristic of the Weld-bond, tensile shear characteristics of Weld-bond were compared with those of resistance spot welding and adhesive bonding. Peak load of Weld-bond were increased as the nugget diameter increases. After appearing maximum peak load continuous fracture followed with second peak owing to load being carried by resistance spot weldment. Fracture modes of the adhesive layer in Weld-bond fractures were represented by mixed fracture mode, which are cohesive failure on adhesive part and button failure at resistance spot welds. The results showed that the tensile shear properties can be improved by applying Weld-bond on TRIP steel, and more apparent with nugget diameter higher than 5${\surd}$t.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.54-60
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• 2011

Adhesive bonding is one of the most promising joining methods which may substitute for conventional metallurgical joining processes, such as welding, brazing and soldering. Curing behavior and mechanical properties of adhesive joint are largely dependent on the curing agent including hardener and catalyst. In this study, effects of curing system on the curing behavior and single-lap shear strength of epoxy adhesive joint are investigated. Dihydrazide, anhydride and dicyandiamide(DICY) were chosen as hardener and imidazole and triphenylphosphine(TPP) were chosen as catalyst. In curing behavior, TPP showed the delay of the curing rate for DICY and ADH at $160^{\circ}C$, compared to imidazole catalyst due to the high curing onset/peak temperature. DICY seemed to be most beneficial in the joint strength for both steel and Al adherends, although the type of adherends affected the shear strength of epoxy adhesive joint.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2009

In order to determine the One-Drop One-Pulse(ODOP) condition of the pulsed gas metal arc(GMA) welding, the drop detaching phenomenon during the peak time is investigated using the force-displacement model. The drop detaching criterion is established based on the displacement of the pendant drop, and the forces exerted on the drop are calculated using the Modified Force Balance Model(MFBM). The effects of wire melting on the drop size and force are included in the force-displacement model. While the peak current has most significant effects on the drop detaching time, the initial drop mass prior to the peak time also influences drop transfer. The calculated results show good agreements with the experimental data, which implies that the ODOP condition can be predicted using the force-displacement method.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.176-181
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• 2001

Reflow soldering characteristics of Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-37Pb balls for BGA(Ball grid Array) were investigated. Diameter of 0.76mm ball was set on a Cu/Ni/Au-coated pad and reflowed in air with changing peak soldering temperature and conveyor speed. Peak temperatures were changed from 240 to 28$0^{\circ}C$ for Sn-3.5Ag, and from 220 to 26$0^{\circ}C$ for Sn-37Pb balls. As results, heights of solder balls increased and widths decreased with peak soldering temperature. Through aging treatment at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 1.000 hrs, average hardness of Sn-3.5Ag balls bonded at 25$0^{\circ}C$ cecreased from 14.90Hv to 12.83Hv And with same aging conditions, average shear strength of Sn-3.5Ag balls bonded at 26$0^{\circ}C$ decreased from 1727gf to 1650gf.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.232-232
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• 2000

The hydrogen attack characteristics of 3Cr-1Mo-V steel as simulated weld heat affected state were studied in this paper. The hydrogen attack susceptibility was evaluated by the ratios of Charpy impact absorbed energy at 0℃($vE_{0HA}$/$vE_{0}$) and reduction of area by tensile test ($RA_{HA}$/RA) before and after exposure to hydrogen at 600℃ under 450kgf/㎠ for 300hr. The values of $vE_{0HA}$/$vE_{0}$ and $RA_{HA}$/RA were aggravated as the peak temperature of the simulated heat affected zone(HAZ) raised. These results were due to the increase of the possession of bubbles along the grain boundaries, which were resulted in the reduction of grain boundary area to be precipitated carbides due to grain coarsening and the carbon dissolved in the martensite-austenite constituent near by the prior austenite grain boundary. The possession ratio of methane bubbles formed along prior austenite grain boundaries were increased with raising the peak temperature. (Received February 22, 2000)

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2000

The hydrogen attack characteristics of 3Cr-1Mo-V steel as simulated weld heat affected state were studied in this paper. The hydrogen attack susceptibility was evaluated by the ratios of Charpy impact absorbed energy at 0℃({TEX}$vE_{0} {HA}_/vE_{0}${/TEX}) and reduction of area by tensile test({TEX}$RA_{HA}/RA${/TEX}) before and after exposure to hydrogen at 600℃ under 450kgf/㎠ for 300hr. The values of {TEX}$vE_{0} {HA}_/vE_{0}${/TEX} and {TEX}$RA_{HA}/RA${/TEX} were aggravated as the peak temperature of the simulated heat affected zone(HAZ) raised. These results were due to the increase of the possession of bubbles along the grain boundaries, which were resulted in the reduction of grain boundary area to be precipitated carbides due to grain coarsening and the carbon dissolved in the martensite-austenite constituent near by the prior austenite grain boundary. The possession ratio of methane bubbles formed along prior austenite grain boundaries were increased with raising the peak temperature.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 1991

A 200W pulsed Nd: YAG laser for fine welding was developed. The important laser parameters such as laser peak power, average power, pulse width, and pulse energy for welding were studied. In order to obtain the sufficient laser power density for welding, thermal lensing effects were analyzed and a laser resonator with laser beam divergence was designed. The power supply unit was designed to support up to 7kW input. The pulse control unit was developed using a GTO thyristor and could control over 100kW input power to obtain 3.5kW peak power laser. Also due to the GTO thyristor the pulse width could be varied continuously from 0.1 to 20 msec and maximum repetition rate was as high as 300pps.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.40-46
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• 1986

This investigation is concerned with the toughness and microstructure of manneristically simulated HAZ in 12% Cr steel. Unnotched specimens were subjected to weld thermal cycles a weld simulator. The parameters-peak temperatures, cooling rate, influence of PWHT and plastic deformation were considered. After weld simulation, the specimens were heat-treated, V-notched and impact tested. An optical metallographic examination was performed to correlate the HAZ toughness with microstructure. Also a fractographic examination was done to obtain information on the fracture mode. The toughness of the coarse grained zone and the part of HAZ subjected to a peak temperature range 700-800.deg. C are lower than the other parts. However, they are still high enough. The double PWHT cycle could not improve the HAZ toughness in present study. However, if the first PWHT is conducted before the work piece is cooled below $M_f$, it is expected that the double PWHA may be beneficial to the toughness of the HAZ. It is also expected that martensitic welding can be used on production welds.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 1987

To explore the possible application of thermal analysis technique as a probe for finding weld defects, Hydrogen trapping phenomena in Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of the AISI 5160 spring steel were investigated. HAZ was divided into five parts, which were used as thermal analysis specimens. Two types of trap sites were found in HAZ, ferrite/cementin interface and microvoid. The thermal analysis peak due to the ferrite/cementite interface increased its height toward the weld deposit. The thermal analysis peak due to the microvoid was the highest where the grain size was the smallest. The correspondence between the cold cracking and hydrogen trap nature is also discussed.