• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.53-66
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• 2005

Objectives : Osteoporosis is generally occurred in old age, especially postmenopausal women therefore, it is relatively overlook osteoporosis in children, but the authors have paid attention to bone density in children because maximizing peak bone mass of childhood is advocated as a way to prevent osteoporosis and environmental factor of childhood play role in the regulation of bone density. the present study was performed to measure bone density of children and to assess the influence of age, sex, body size, exercise, weak symptoms on bone density during the period of bone growth. Methods : We have measured bone density of calcaneus bone in 283 children (male 144 female 139, ranged from3 to 18) who visited in growth clinic of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital, using quantitative ultra sound densitometry and they were divided into 3 groups by age(3-10, 11-15, 15-18 years). Pearson's correlation was used to assessed the influence of age, body size and Student's t-test was used to detect differences in sex, exercise, weak symptoms between the groups on bone density Results : The bone density correlated with age, height, weight, body mass index in this study. Bone density were significantly higher in males than in female. Digestive weak children's bone density were lower than normal children. Conclusion : Weight-bearing exercise and food rich in nutrition are necessary to increase maximizing peak bone mass in children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.172-177
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• 2015

Purpose: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia epidemics have occurred in 3- to 4-year cycles in Korea. We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of MP pneumonia in Daejeon, Korea, from 2003 to 2012. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 779 medical records of children (0-15 years of old) with MP pneumonia admitted to our institution and compared the data from 3 recent epidemics. Results: In 779 patients, the mean age and male-to-female ratio were $5.0{\pm}2.2$ years and 1:1, and most cases were observed in autumn. There were three epidemics during the study period, in 2003, 2006-2007, and 2011. In our comparison of the three epidemics, we found no differences in mean age, the male-to-female ratio, hospital stay, or the rate of seroconverters during hospitalization. All three epidemics began in early summer and peaked in September 2003 and 2011 and in October 2006 and then gradually decreased until the next year's spring season, although the 2006 epidemic extended further into 2007. The peak age groups in the children in 2003 and 2006 were 3-6 year-olds (57.5% and 56%, respectively), but in the 2011 epidemic, the peak group was 1-4 year-olds (46.5%). The proportion of the <2 years of age group was 20%, 15.7% and 28.8%, and >10 years of age group was 5.2%, 13.8%, and 14.8% of total patients, respectively. Conclusion: MP pneumonia outbreaks occurred every 3-4 years. The pattern of 3 recent epidemics was similar in demographic characteristics and seasonality with some variations in each outbreak.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.117-120
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• 2004

Objective : To get a better understanding of obesity and etiological factors of obesity among school children. Methods : We have conducted a questionnaire survey of 4542 (2395male and 2147female) age from 7-15 in Shanghai School District to study their 24h nutrition intakes ; we have asked all our survey participating students to take a physical exam and body mass index measurement to determine the morbidity of obesity. Common statistic method was used in analyzing the data. Results : The result shows an over all morbidity (boys and girls) of $12.3\%$ among the students we have studied. Our research shows that boys have a higher rate of morbidity of obesity $17.1\%$ vs. $7.0\%$ for girls. The morbidity for boys starts under age 10, reaches the peak at age 10 ($24.3\%$), then declines after age 11 ; as for girls the morbidity starts at under age 9, reaches the peak at 9, and then declines after 10. Our study also indicates that the daily nutrition intake of protein, fat and carbohydrate by the students have satisfied Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), while the daily intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin C are below the $80\%$ of the DRIs suggested value. For students who are obese, our study shows that their average daily intakes of calories and protein have reached $90\%$ of the suggested value by the RNI while the intakes of calcium, iron, and zinc are far below standards. Furthermore, our research shows that the obese students usually intake more calories, proteins and vitamin $B_1$, but less for iron and calcium compared to the normal students. Some other factors such as the education and occupation of the parents, especially the mother, the family history of obesity and the eating habits are important factors that should be closely watched. Conclusion : The morbidity of obesity among boys is higher than girls. Obesity is closely related to the family history, the diet habits and the life styles.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.248-259
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• 2001

연구배경 : 소아 기관지 천식 환자들의 진단이나 기도폐쇄 정도를 알기 위하여도 통상적으로 노력성 호기곡선이나 최대 호기류량곡선을 이용한 환기기능검사가 기본검사로 널리 사용된다. 그러나 호흡곤란이 있는 소아에서는 이러한 검사를 적절히 시행하는 것이 어려운 경우가 많다. 따라서 자가 치료를 하는 환자들의 경과관찰이나 응급실을 방문한 환자들은 검사가 비교적 용이하기 때문에 최고호기유링계로 최고호기유량(PEF)을 많이 측정한다. PEF는 절대값이나 증상이 없을 때의 최대치 혹은 추정정상치에 대한 백분율로 표시하는데 현재까지 국내에서 소아를 대상으로 최고호기유량계로 측정한 PEF에 관한 보고는 아직까지 없었다. 이에 건강한 소아에서 PEF의 추정정상치를 산출하고 이 값이 $FEV_1$을 비롯한 다른 환기기능검사를 어느 정도 정확하게 예측할 수 있는 지를 조사하였다. 방 법 : 호흡기 증상이나 기왕 병력이 없는 5세에서 16세 사이의 건강한 소아(남자 196명, 여자 152명)을 대상으로 mini-Wright 최대호기유량계(Clement Clarke International Ltd. England)를 이용하여 3회 이상 PEF를 측정하였다. 아울러 Microspiro HI-501 휴대용 폐활량측정계(Chest Co., Japan)로 노력성호기곡선, 최대호기류량곡선을 측정 분석하여 $FEV_1$, FVC, $FEV_1$/FVC, $FEF_{25-75%}$, $FEF_{25%}$, $FEF_{50%}$, $FEF_{75%}$와 $FEF_{max}$를 구하여 각각의 추정정상치를 나이와 신자율 변수로 히여 구하였다. 또한 PEF를 변수로 $FEV_1$ 및 $FEF_{max}$를 구하는 회귀방정식을 구하였다. 결 과 : 1. PEF(L/min)를 나이와 신장을 변수로 하여 구한 회귀방정식은 다음과 같다. 남자는 $12.6{\times}$age(year)+$3.4{\times}$height(cm)-263($R^2=0.85$), 여자는 $6{\times}$age(year)+$3.9{\times}$height(cm)-293($R^2=0.82$)이었다. 신장만을 변수로 하여 구한 회귀방정식은 남자는 $6.6{\times}$height(cm)-415($R^2=0.84$), 여자는 $5.1{\times}$height(cm)-382($R^2=0.82$)였다. 2. 최대호기류량곡선에서 산출한 $FEF_{max}$를 같은 단위로 환산하여 비교한 결과 PEF보다 평균 남자에서는 125(L/min), 여자에서는 118(L/min) 적였다. 3. PEF을 변수로 예측할 수 있는 $FEV_1$(m1) 값은 남자에서 $7.02{\times}$PEF(L/min)-550($R^2=0.82$), 여자에서는 $5.83{\times}$PEF(L/min)-146($R^2=0.81$)이었다. 결 론 : 건강한 소아 346명(남자 194명, 여자 152명)을 대상으로 최고호기유량계로 측정한 PEF의 추정정상치를 연령과 선장을 변수로 하여 구하였다. 여기서 측정한 PEF로 $FEV_1$ 및 $FEF_{max}$를 예측할 수 있는 수식을 구하였다. 그리고 측정기계 및 방법에 따라서 PEF값이 달라짐을 확인하였는데 이런 점을 유의한다변 PEF의 측정은 향후 환기기능 장애를 환자 진료에 많은 도움이 될 것으로 생각한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 1992

Secretory patterns of serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxin and testosterone were analysed by specific radioimmunoassay in Kaghani (n = 42), Rambouilet (n = 42) and Kaghani ${\times}$ Rambouillet (n = 42) male sheep to determine age and breed related changes. Animals were examined at 1-2 wk, 8, 10, 12, 20, 22 and 24 months of age (n = 6/age group). All animals were maintained under standard conditions of feeding and management. $T_3$ and $T_4$ concentrations were maximal (p < 0.01) in 1-2 wk old lambs of all breeds studied ($207.4{\pm}14.9-276.8{\pm}20.4ng/dl$ and $5.76{\pm}0.3-7.23{\pm}0.9{\mu}g/dl$, respectively). For all the breeds, concentrations of $T_3$ declined markedly (p < 0.01) at 8 month of age and then varied in a narrow range ($44.5{\pm}14.0-87.0{\pm}4.8ng/dl$) up to the age of 24 month. While, serum $T_4$ concentrations decreased (p < 0.01) to nadir ($0.97{\pm}0.1-1.43{\pm}0.3{\mu}g/dl$) at 10 months of age in all the 3 breeds. Afterwards, $T_4$ levels increased gradually and attained a small peak at 20 months before declining again at 22 and 24 months of age. Serum $T_3$ and $T_4$ concentrations were correlated significantly (p < 0.05) and their ratio was constant at all ages in the different breeds. Age significantly (p < 0.01) influenced the secretion of testosterone in the breeds examined but the breed differences were comparable. Mean serum concentrations of testosterone were low from 1-2 wk to 10 months of age in the Kaghani, Rambouillet and Kaghani ${\times}$ Rambouillet animals. Peak testosterone levels were noted in the 12 months old Kaghani ($1.75{\pm}0.4ng/ml$), Rambouillet ($1.30{\pm}0.2ng/ml$) and their $T_3$ cross animals ($1.16{\pm}0.08ng/ml$). Mean testosterone levels, thereafter, decreased at 20 months and then at 22 and 24 months remained variable but higher than observed at 1-2 wk -10 months of age. The findings of the present study indicate a significant influence of age but not of breed on the peripheral concentrations of thyroid hormones and testosterone. Serum concentrations of $T_3$ and $T_4$ were not related to testosterone levels. High thyroid secretory activity observed at prenatal phase of development may play an important role in preparing the lambs to extrauterine environments.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2018

Background: This study evaluated the shoulder girdle muscle characteristics of elite archery athletes and provides suggestions for archery training programs. Methods: This study enrolled 15 cases of high level archery athletes (7 males, 8 females) and 30 cases of (15 males, 15 females) sex, age-matched, healthy, non-athletic individuals. We measured peak torques of flexion (FL), extension (EX), abduction (ABD), adduction (ADD), external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) of both shoulders at an angular velocity of $30^{\circ}/sec$, $60^{\circ}/sec$, and $180^{\circ}/sec$. The peak torques and peak torque ratios of FL/EX, ABD/ADD, and ER/IR of the two groups were compared. Results: The archer group had a greater peak torque of IR and ADD, but only in the left shoulder (p<0.05). In the same group, both shoulders had greater peak torque of EX and lower peak torque of FL. The peak torque ratios of FL/EX of both shoulders were significantly lower in the archer group at all three angular velocities (p<0.05). The peak torque ratios of ABD/ADD were significantly greater in only the left shoulder of the archer group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The prominent characteristics of the shoulder girdle muscles of an elite archer are stronger adductor muscles of the bow shoulder and stronger extensors of both shoulders, as compared to healthy, non-athletic individuals. These muscle groups of the shoulder probably contribute a major role in maintaining the accuracy and stability during archery shooting. Hence, a training program that selectively enhances the adductor and extensor muscles could prove helpful in enhancing the archery skills of the athlete.

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 1995

1988년부터 1993년까지 최근 6년간 고신의료원에서 전이성 골종양으로 진단받고 치료받았던 환자중 조직학적으로 확진되었던 417명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 조사를 통하여 연령별, 성별, 골전이 부위별 분포와 원발성 암에 따른 전이의 양상을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 골전이를 가장 잘 일으키는 원발성 암은 폐암(29.5%), 위암(15.3%), 유방암(11.3%), 자궁경부암(5.3%), 간암(4.8%)등의 순이었으며, 원발 부위 미상의 전이성 골종양은 7.7%였다. 2. 연령 분포는 40대 이후에서 발생한 경우가 85.3%로 대부분을 차지하였으며, 평균 연령은 54.8세였다. 남자의 경우 50대(39.4%), 60대(27.5%), 40대(14.3%)의 순이었으며, 여자의 경우는 50대(31.9%), 40대(21.7%), 60대(20.5%)의 순으로 발생하였다. 3. 골전이 부위별 분포는 척추(25.2%), 골반골(16.0%), 늑골(15.3%), 대퇴골(14.5%), 두개골(8.3%), 상완골(5.5%), 견갑골(5.1%)등의 순이었으며, 골전이의 분포 양상은 체간골이 75.8%로 가장 많았고, 그 다음으로 근위부의 장관골이 19.8%, 슬관절과 주관절 이하의 원위 골격계가 4.4%의 순으로 나타났다. 척추 중에서는 흉추(42.1%), 요추(39.1%), 경추(13.2%), 천추(5.6%)의 순으로 나타났다. 4. 골전이 부위별 분포는 원발성 암의 종류에 관계없이 다발성 전이(73.1%)가 단발성 전이(26.9%) 보다 많았다. 5. 원발성 종양에 따른 분포 양상은 폐암의 경우 연령 분포는 50대, 60대, 40대의 순이었고, 남녀비는 2.3 : 1이었으며, 골전이는 척추, 골반, 대퇴골의 순으로 발생하였다. 위암의 경우 연령 분포는 50대, 60대, 40대의 순이었고, 골전이 부위는 척추, 대퇴골, 골반의 순이었다. 유방암의 경우 연령 분포는 40대, 50대, 30대의 순이었고, 골전이 부위는 척추, 늑골, 골반의 순이었다. 6. 원발 부위 미상의 전이성 골종양의 경우는 60대가 가장 많았으며, 30대부터 70대까지 분포되어 있었다. 골전이 부위는 척추, 대퇴골, 골반골, 늑골, 견갑골의 순이었으며, 조직학적으로는 선암, 편평세포암이 많았다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.146-152
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• 1983

Hamartoma has been considered rare disease as a congenital malformation of a tumorous lesion since the original description by Albrecht in 1904. Pulmonary hamartoma is interesting to chest surgeon because of good result by surgical procedures and of slightly high incidence then another organs. It is characterized as lesion of very slow growing mass as peak incidence of age of 50 years age group and as sex ratio is 2:1. Especially endobronchial hamartoma is rarer than peripheral type. We had experienced a case of endobronchial hamartoma who has 53 years old male patient at right main bronchus and then treated by excision of tumor mass through right bronchotomy and preserving right lung except any lobectomy and pneumonectomy.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2010

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) allows measurement of blood flow velocity to be made from the basal intracerebral vessels. Blood flow velocity in TCD is highly affected not only by blood vessel diameter, blood flow volume, blood viscosity, but also age and sex. Therefore, the study is focused on the correlation between TCD measurement index and sex/age. Subjects were 214 (male 147, famale 67) who had TCD for headache and stroke evaluations at Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital neurology department from December 2009 to April 2010. Sex did not show significant differences with mean flow velocity (MFV), peak systolic flow velocity (PSFV), end diastolic flow velocity (EDFV), pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in middle cerebral artery (MCA). Although age also did not show significant differences with MFV and PSFV, EDFV has statistically decreased with age, and PI and RI has statistically increased with age. In addition, age showed significant correlation with MFV, EDFV, PI and RI, but not with PSFV. Therefore, TCD is definitely correlated with age and sex, so that those influencial factors must be considered when being tested.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2001

목 적 : Nutcracker 증후군은 좌측 신정맥이 복부대동맥과 비정상적으로 분지된 상장간막 동맥의 압박에 의한 부분폐쇄의 발생하는 증후군으로 진단기준은 확립되지 않은 상태이다. 소아에 있어서 학교 요검사가 보편화 되면 서 무증상 혈뇨 또는 단백뇨 환아에서 진단이 증가하는 추세이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 소아 환아의 성별분포와 발생연령, 좌측신정맥의 압박부위와 확장부위의 최초 혈류속도의 비, 혈뇨와 단백뇨의 빈도를 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1999년 9월부터 2001년 1월까지 혈뇨 또는 단백뇨를 주소로 연세의대 세브란스 병원 소아 신장과에 내원한 환아중 도플러 초음파상 좌측 신정맥의 압박부위와 확장부위의 최고 혈류 속도 비가 5.0을 초과한 환아를 대상으로 하였다. 결 과 : 총 30명 중 남아가 14명, 여아가 16명 이었으며 전체 평균 연령은 9.19${\pm}$2.31 세 였으며 남아는 9.68${\pm}$2.82세, 여아는 8.76${\pm}$1.76세로 성별간 유의한 차이가 있었다 (P< 0.05). 좌측 신정맥 최고 혈류속도의 압박부위와 확장부위의 비율은 전체 8.52${\pm}$2.24, 남아는 8.45${\pm}$2.31, 여아는 8.58${\pm}$2.25로 유의한 차이는 없었다 (P>0.05). 요검사상 혈뇨가 있는 환아 27 예의 평균연령이 8.99${\pm}$2.33세로 혈뇨가 없는 환아 3 예의 평균연령 10.96${\pm}$1.11세에 비해 유의한 차이가 없었으며 (P>0.05), 최고 혈류속도 비는 각각 $8.53{\pm}2.26,\;8.39{\pm}2.47$으로 차이가 없었다 (P>0.05). 혈뇨만 있는 환아는 24 예였으며 단백뇨만 있는 환아는 3예, 혈뇨와 단백뇨가 함께 있는 환아는 3 예 였다. 결 론 : 무증상 혈뇨나 단백뇨가 검출되는 학동기 아동들중 Nutcracker증후군 환아의 조기발견과 정기적인 추적관찰은 그로 인한 합병증 방지에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.