• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.262-274
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• 2016

Academic interests have long left from the field of indie musicians, despite of their social and cultural values. This also means indie musician policies have enjoyed lack of evaluation. Main purpose of this study is to understand the indie musicians' environment, music activities and their job satisfaction by employing online survey method which were conducted over 105 Korean indie musicians. Survey results show that indie musicians feel the lack of performing facilities that can hold over 50 seats. Indie musician group with experience of 6 years and more has more chances of performing at big facilities. This group also tends to play more often, and earn more money from music activities. Also, analysis shows that satisfaction level of Indie musicians is affected by two factors - music activities and social reputation. From the results, we can conclude that indie musician policy needs to build grounds to harmonize supports from various field rather than play as a single supporter. Patriarchal attitude that government should do and can do everything is no more in effective at least in indie music field.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-73
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• 2000

The Purpose of this study is to scrutinize the time structure and time use pattern of North Korean and to identify the differences of time use patterns between South and North Korean Societies. To carry out this Purpose in-depth interviews with ten people who escaped from North Korea after 1990 and empirical survey with 158 subjects were conducted. The findings are as follows. The characteristics of time life of North Korean are uniform time use pattern in tightly scheduled daily life and shortage of disposable time and constraint of free time due to job related labor, extra job activities including learning, meeting and evaluation, and labor mobilization. Women are faced with heavy burden of doing job and housework in the continuing patriarchal way of thinking and in the circumstances of poor housing environment. In North, Leisure time is constraint and leisure facilities are poor and the concept of leisure is totally different as that of South. North Korean think leisure as connecting with work and education and as public sphere, not private sphere. I this context leisure is considered as means for the strengthening of the communist society. Differences in the perception of time life through defectors are as follows. In South, there are plenty of leisure time and man can control his own time. Man spend his free time for various activities, especially for cultural activities such as sports, recreation, eating out with families and spend time till late in the outdoors. This study revealed differences in many aspects of time life between South and North Korean societies. These results will provide useful informations for the overcome of differences of cultural life of South and North Korean societies and accomplishment of the real integration of two societies.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.34
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• pp.102-122
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• 2001

Uymsikdimibang(음식디미방) - a book written around 1670 and implying the methods of understanding the taste of food and drink - records many kinds of alcoholic drinks. it is obviously a practical problem to explain the process of brewing alcoholic drinks. However, if we intend to approach the alcoholic drinks on the practical aspect, we can not explain why many kinds of alcoholic drinks were brewed. I acknowledge only that it was true to have brewed rice wine easily on the basis of the increase of the production of rice and the two-crop farming system of rice and barley in a paddy field as well as, for many kinds of alcoholic drinks to have increased as a result of the development of brewage since the middle and second half of Chosun. It is not until we approach the alcoholic drinks of those days on the level of meaning, value, and symbol that we can get a correct answer as to why Uymsikdimibang records many kinds of alcoholic drinks. In the second half of Chosun, confucian ideology was firmly established in country village societies, the idea of clan rules was instituted, and patriarchal system was organized. Such a social atmosphere was to emphasize the practice of confucian moral principle such as performing religious service on one's ancestors and receiving a guest, and in the course of it, the alcoholic drinks were recognized as important materials all the more. It seems that the subdivision and elaborateness of the meaning of the alcoholic drinks were in progress. As a result, I think that the alcoholic drinks would vary in kind and be graded. From ancient times, the alcoholic drinks were men's favorite foods, and the significance of the authority and prestige given to the alcoholic drinks was increasingly promoted by the rise of the social position of men in the second half of Chosun under the influence of confucian ideology. Subsequently, the alcoholic drinks became symbols which represented even the family's tradition and dignity. Therefore, men born of the nobility(Yangban) tried to brew the various and dignified alcoholic drinks relatively. Through the brewage such as this, they endeavored to maintain their privilege. I think that the diversification of alcoholic drinks was developed in the process of a series of social-institutional change.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.501-513
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine experiences of caring parents-in-law in Korea among daughters-in-law who are currently caring their parents-in-law while living with them, or have experienced such care-giving, and who have been married for at least 5 years. Daughters-in-law this study deals with are from three countries: Korean women, Chinese and Japanese women who immigrated to Korea by getting married with Korean husbands. To find out those women who can express their experiences clearly, this study used an intentional sampling method where this study asked the Multicultural Family Support Center to recommend five Chinese and five Japanese housewives who matched the following qualifications: those who have experiences of caring their parents-in-law at home, who have lived in Korea for at least five years, and who had no difficulty in expressing their opinions in Korean language. Korean married women were recommended by the neighbors. This study conducted in-depth interviews to those 15 housewives from Korea, china, and Japan. Before doing the interview, this study gave explanation of the contents and aims of this study to those interview participants over phone, and got the written consent from each of the women. To analyze the interview data, Colaizzi's phenomenological method was used. The emergent themes identified in the findings were as follows: 'positive perception of traditional nature of filial duty', 'help and encouragement by those who are nearby', 'exhausting marriage life', 'Korean family culture that is hard to adapt to', and 'unreasonable male-focused patriarchal culture.'

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.349-383
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• 2019

This paper examined the meaning and task of romance research with a focus on Reading the Romance(1984) by Janice A. Radway. This book, which analyzes romance texts by examining the situation and meaning of reading romance by women readers integrating between cultural studies and literary studies, is one of the most popular studies on the romance genre. Radway scrutinized the practical significance of reading romance in a community of women readers. Through a study involving questionnaires and in-depth interviews, she found that for women, romance reading is a 'compensatory fiction' that brings happiness and emotional redemption through a sense of liberation achieved by escaping from patriarchal daily life. The romance that women prefer is composed of 4 stages and 13 divisions: 'Encounter → Attest → Recovery → Happy End'. It also maintains a formula that begins with an immature female character's identity crisis and ends with a blissful union that recognizes the intrinsic value of the main character, who has turned into a man who is considerate of the women. Therefore, romance plays the role of pursuit of the 'female utopian fantasy' and at the same time a reconciliation of women to patriarchy. Feminist critics of the day criticized this argument. However, reading romance is a 'feminine reading', and romance is literature about the functional relationship between women's lives and patriarchy. Yet the interpretation could differ depending on the different viewpoints and definitions of the women's utopian fantasy. In recent years, the conditions of female reader's lives, awareness and imagination have been changing rapidly. As a result, the female utopian fantasy has also changed significantly. Nevertheless, women's lives in the real patriarchal system are still contradictory, and their adventurous imagination is spreading in alternative spaces such as the subculture. In this regard, the question is about the definition of romance and the meanings of romance research are still important task.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.531-560
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• 2008

I hope to demonstrate in this paper the degree to which the works of Leonard and Virginia Woolf, mainly The Wise Virgins, The Village in the Jungle, and The Voyage Out, are contained within the politics of home. In doing so, I aim to challenge some mainstream criticism that affirms their resistance to British imperial desire. Although their statuses as outsiders in the British Empire, being a Jew and being a woman respectively, allowed Leonard and Virginia Woolf to criticize British imperialism and a male-dominated culture as well as racial and cultural hierarchies to a degree, their works inevitably unveil their prioritization of the British white-oriented space. In some ways their authorial positions in relation to their texts uphold the imperial center as an invisible regime of truth in their narratives, supporting the patriarchal and imperial binary oppositional structure and its hierarchical order imposed not only on the British subject but also on the foreign, colonial others. Leonard's and Virginia's inconsistencies and ambiguities betray their racial distantiation and notions of British white superiority, as disclosed in their racially stereotyped descriptions and the absence of real communication between the British characters and the colonial, foreign others. The work of self-repetition, the major mechanism in the politics of home, dies hard in Leonard's and Virginia's 'antiimperial' works. Leonard's and Virginia's struggle to stand against the imperial desire needs a genuine ethical position in order to embrace the Other, which would allow us to explore further and guard against the pitfall of postcolonial criticism's being easily degenerated into a neo-colonial criticism, another politics of home.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.51
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• pp.73-101
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• 2018

This essay deals with The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, a aetiological myth about the Eleusis Mysteria. The narrative of the hymn shows how Demeter, the goddess of grain, became the deity of the Mysteria. In the hymn, Demeter is characterized as a mother: She is the mother of Persephone and the motherlike nurse of Demophone. As the mother of Persephone and Demophone, the roles of are nursing and mediating. She care her children and linked the earth and the world below, the heaven of gods and the earth of mortals. Demeter the deity of the Mysteria by a mother. The and the maternity of Demeter is connected with patriarchal politics. Demeter in the hymn is not so much the goddess who derived her character from The Great Mother as the goddess who had been characterized the influence of Greek-patriarchy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.210-226
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to explore the American black film director Ryan Coogler and his cinema world. Coogler as a youth director directs three movies as (2013), (2015), (2018) from independence film to Hollywood film, and represents black people' life and racial discrimination base on his cultural identity. For this study, explore traits of esthetics, subject and context meaning by analyzing representative three movies. Lastly examines significance of his movies in Hollywood black film history. He represents blackness and self-reflection as a black youth director, and successfully succeed to the tradition of 'Black Film' in American film history. He also turn white patriarchal ideology upside down in Hollywood. He inherits the tradition of 'Black Film' in American film history, and simultaneously tries to re-write black film tradition. Youth director Coogler is a symbol of 'New Hollywood Black Film Power' at the 21th.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.329-356
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• 2010

Coleridge's fame as a poet rests on the achievement of the mystery poems, "The Anceint Mariner," "Kubla Khan," and "Christabel." Coleridge's achievement in "Christabel" goes far beyond what previous critics have imagined. Coleridge is one of a handful of great writers who are included as representatives of androgyny. Throughout his life, Coleridge was accustomed to point out feminine qualities within himself. "Christabel" exemplifies the kind of writing contemporary feminist theories call l'écriture féminine. L'écriture féminine is not necessarily the creation of women but may rather be the works of those who refuse to identify with the father and the laws of paternal discourse. "Christabel" becomes Coleridge's most daring symbolic story. "Christabel" appears in its full significance as a vehicle for some profound insights into the dynamics of relationships between men and women, fathers and daughters. Through her deformity, Geraldine is actually the casualty of her father's hatred of women, and is the embodiment of all its anti-virtual aspects. The poem shows no bitterness against women, only compassion and remorse. Coleridge is sympathetically presenting Christabel's suffering as a woman at the hands of an overmastering man. Also, "Christabel" demonstrates woman power as well. In fact, the one person whose tales have any real effect within this narrative is the ambiguous Geraldine. Geraldine excels at story-telling, at making words act for her. Perhaps, despite the appearance of the surface, in which men hold all the cards, it is in fact women, or the feminine, so necessary to procreation and creativity, who hold sway here. This apparent dominion of the feminine derives at least partly from Coleridge's use of the conventions of that feminine genre, the Gothic romance. L'écriture féminine is a concept defined by its divergence from a dominant cultural norm. One may speculate that the fragmentary state of "Christabel" and "Kubla Khan" is in fact congruent with this mode of writing. If these poems imply a theoretical écriture féminine, they are by definition "incomplete," for completeness is a standard of patriarchal language and culture. More perplexing even than the other "mystery poems," "Christabel" is the true fragment of the three.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.42
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• pp.45-73
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• 2022

The phenomenon of veneration for Queen Mother of the West [西王母 Chn: Xiwangmu Kr: Seowangmo] is a 'cultural flow' that has garnered great interest not only in China but also in Korea for many years. To properly understand the cultural trend regarding the Queen Mother of the West, it is essential to view the related mythology as it corresponds to East Asian women as well as the transformation of society's view of women. In addition to the outcomes that result from the establishment of a patriarchal society, the relationship between goddesses and gods gradually becomes a relationship of discrimination based upon differences. Accordingly, as women change into objects that are given meaning rather than subjects that give meaning, the de-sacredization of the goddess occurs. This paper focused on the changes in the perception of the Queen Mother of the West from the view of Yin-Yang theory. This approach shows a transition process of transforming wherein she has morphed into an assistant or spouse of a god as part of a trend that deemphasizes the divinity of her as a stand-alone goddess. Yin-Yang theory is the key to understanding culture, history, and art as well as Chinese philosophy. This key can be further applied to the theme of women in mythology. What is particularly noteworthy about the process by which the Queen Mother of the West was defined as a goddess is that she was original described as half-human and half-beast and yet by the time her depictions became fully human and fully woman, she was described instead as an absolute beauty endowed with great artistic talent. In this paper, it will be revealed that the perception of the Queen Mother of the West, as an absolute beauty and artistic talent, is embedded with the male societal desire for an image of the feminine as understood via Yin-Yang theory. Queen Mother of the West as she was depicted in the Classic of Mountains and Seas (山海經 Chn: Shanhaijing Kr: Sanhaegyeong) had a half-human half-beast form that instilled people with fear of disasters and punishments from heaven. However, in the Han Dynasty, her religious significance became that of an object to ward off evil and attain blessings. By the time of the novel, Tales of the Strange (志怪小說 Chn: Zhiguaixiaoshuo Kr: Jigoesoseol), from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, she was transformed into a goddess in the image of beautiful woman in charge longevity and immortality. From the perspective of Yin-Yang theory, the changes in the perception of Queen Mother of the West was found to contain the following meaning: as an extension of the establishment of a patriarchal system and subordinate laws, her new form was made to be pleasing to the male gaze and Yin-Yang theory was brought in to support those changes later.