• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate shielding effect of radiation protector for interventional radiologists in procedures by measuring inside and outside of radiation protector. In this study, we measured the radiation dose of 4 interventional radiologists during TACE and PTBD procedure for 4 month(2005.05-2005.09). Absorbed dose were measured by TLD placed underneath and over radiation protector such as Goggle, Thyroid protector, Apron and placed on the 4th finger of Hand. In addition, we measured background radiation dose in the control room using TLD. During TACE procedure, using 0.07 mmPb Goggle decreased average 53.8% of radiation dose rate in continuous fluoroscopic mode and decreased average 77.6% of radiation dose rate in pulse fluoroscopic mode. Using 0.5 mmPb Thyroid protector decreased average 88.9% of radiation dose rate in continuous fluoroscopic mode and decreased average 92.8% in pulse fluoroscopic mode. During PTBD procedure, using 0.07 mmPb Goggle decreased radiation dose rate average 62.7%, 87.9% by 0.5 mmPb Thyroid protector, 90.5% by 0.5 mmPb Apron. The average fluoroscopic time of PTBD was 6.14 min. shorter than TACE procedure, but radiation exposure dose rate of PTBD was 3 times higher in total body dose, and 40 times higher in hand dose rate than TACE. Interventional radiologists must wear thicker protector recommended over 0.5 mmPb. Also, they must use lead Goggle during interventional procedure. Abdomen dose decreased average 38.4% by drawing a lead curtain under the patient's table, therefore, they must draw a lead curtain to shield scattering ray. Radiation exposure dose decreased average 59.0% by using pulse fluoroscopic mode. So radiologists would better use pulse fluoroscopic mode than continuous fluoroscopic mode to decrease exposure dose.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2004

In the process of photon treatments, linear accelerators with energies higher than 10 MV produce neutrons through the (${\gamma}$, n) interactions with the composite materials of the linac head md these materials further produce the induced radiations. We investigate the possible risks from these induced radiations especially in the wedge filters to the radiation workers. Wedge filters are used to modify the isodose profiles in the radiation treatment using the linear accelerator and always be handled by the radiation workers. For the background radiation, we measured the radiation in both the waiting room and the outside of the building for two hospitals, S and H. The results of S hospital were $0.11\;{\mu}Sv/hr$ and $0.10\;{\mu}Sv/hr$ for waiting room and outside respectively, and in the case of H hospital, they were $0.12\;{\mu}Sv/hr$ and $0.11\;{\mu}Sv/hr$. Using a survey meter, we measured the radiation from wedge filters inserted in 10 MV and 15 MV Siemens linear accelerators. The time series measurements were done in ${\sim}1$ minutes after exposure of 5 Gy of monitor units for the field size of $25{\times}25cm^2$. The starting value of 10 MV machine was about $3.26\;{\mu}Sv/hr$, which was three times higher than that of 10 MV. The measured radiation was from $^{28}Al$ and $^{53}Fe$ with a half life of 3.5 min. If the treatment patients are $20{\sim}50$ per day and the number of process of wedge filter change per patient is one or two, the annual dose equivalent is $0.08{\sim}0.4\;mSv$ for 10 MV, and $0.27{\sim}1.36\;mSv$ for 15 MV, which are in the range of dose equivalent limits of radiation workers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2019

The study was conducted surveying ultrasound room workers on hospital infection awareness in Daejeon and Choong-chunng region. The contamination of ultrasonic probes used in clinical trials was measured using ATP, and the results were verified after using 70% alcohol sterilization. It was measured on the group's general characteristics and the specific categories such as academic background, job type, having professional certificate and infection education. After the examination, the gel removal and method, disinfection status of the probe and variable correlation analysis were performed to analyze the recognition of the ultrasonic probe disinfection. After examination in ultrasound room, it was found that towels were used the most for cleaning, and the gel container was not replaced for more than three months. After 70% alcohol disinfection, ATP contamination was reduced from $1055.4{\pm}944.2$ to $133.5{\pm}93.2$ and the result was analyzed to be statistically significant.(${\rho}<0.01$) The found bacteria were CNS, Gram positive bacillus, and Micrococcus specs. In order to solve this problem, 70% alcohol sterilization was applied and the bacteria were not detected after the treatment. The research shows that regular training on infection control and efforts to prevent infection are necessary, and that 70% alcohol is effective in disinfect the bacteria. Therefore, the medical institution should provide active hospital infection control education to improve the awareness of hospital infection among workers and contribute to the prevention of patient infection. It is also understood that proper use of the results of this study will help prevent infection by means of ultrasonic probes.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2005

Purpose: The number of the deceased from free-fall is increasing nowadays. Free-fall comes to a great social problem in that even the survivor will be suffering for cord injury or brain injury, and so on. We analyzed the cases of free-fall patients to find out whether the injury severity is mainly correlated with the height of fall. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the characteristics of patients, who fall from the height above 2m from January 2000 to August 2004. We excluded the patients who transferred to other hospital, transferred from other hospital, and not known the height of fall. 145 patients were evaluated. Variables included in data analysis were age, height of fall, injury severity score (ISS), the being of barrier, and the survival or not. To find out the correlation between height of fall and death, we used receive operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Results: The mean age of patients was $36.5{\pm}19.4$ years old. 110 were male and 35 were female. Mean height of fall was $11.1{\pm}8.5m$. 51 patients (35.2%) were died and 30 patients of them (58.9%) got emergency room on dead body. The mean height of fall is $8.9{\pm}5.8m$ for 94 survivors and $15.2{\pm}11.0m$ for the 51 deceased (p<0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.646, which means the height of fall was not adequate factor for predicting for death. At 13.5m, as cut?off value, sensitivity is 52.9%, specificity is 86.2%, positive predictive value is 67.5% and negative predictive value is 77.1%. There were statistical differences in mortality rate and ISS between 'below 13.5m group' and 'above 13.5m group', but there was not statistical difference in head and neck AIS. Conclusion: The height of fall is not adequate factor for prediction of death. So other factors like intoxication or not, the being of barrier or protection device need to be evaluated for predicting of free-fall patient's death.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.670-676
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• 2004

Chemical pneumonitis is caused by the inhalation of noxious chemical substances and is a cause of occupational lung disease. Nitric acid, which is a one of the common air pollutants and a potential oxidant for refining and cleansing of metals, has a chance for occupational and environmental exposure. A 52-year-old man visited our hospital due to coughing and dyspnea after the inhalation of nitric acid fumes at his workplace. He had conditions of tachypnea (respiratory rate 26 /min) and hypoxemia ($PaO_2$ 42.6 mmHg, $SaO_2$ 80.2% in room air) in our emergency department. The chest radiographs showed diffuse interstitial infiltrates and ground glass opacity in both lungs. The patient made improvements in clinical symptoms and chest radiography after being given a supply of oxygen, antibiotics, and bronchodilator therapy without systemic glucocorticoid therapy. On his follow up visit after 4 weeks, he showed no symptoms and sequelae, and the pulmonary function test showed a normal pulmonary function.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.289-293
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• 2007

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease that affects females of reproductive age. It is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the lung and along the axial lymphatics. We report a case of lymphangioleiomyomatosis presenting as a lung mass. The patient visited the emergency room because of dyspnea upon exertion. The chest X-ray showed a lung mass in the right lower lung field and a pneumothorax in the left lung. Chest computed tomography revealed a $5{\times}3cm$ sized mass in the right lower lobe and multiple thin-walled small cysts scattered in both lungs. Transbronchial biopsy of the lung mass was performed. The biopsy specimen showed atypical smooth muscle cell proliferation and cystic dilatation of the terminal bronchioles, which confirmed the diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of lymphangioleiomyomatosis presenting as a lung mass.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.209-224
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• 1999

I have practiced this reserch for the purpose of proposition of basic data for amendment and addition of computer system after I surveyed the degree of abilities and satisfaction on the computerization in nursing\ practice. Subjects were collected from September 1 to September 30, 1998. Study subjects are 151 clinical nurses who are working at university hospital in Chonbuk area. Study instrument consists of 116 questionnaire which was developed by Kim H. K(1998). The data were analized number, mean ,t-test, ANOVA by using SPSS. The study results are as follows: 1. Most of the nurses who answered the questions were educated computerizing(96%). The abilities of computer program utilities were the most in inputting data(74%). The program nurses wanted computerizing education was wordprocess, dealing internet and statistics. 2. As for applying parts of computer system in nursing, the most nurses were Dr's order check (96%), treatment activity(91.4%), medication(89.4%), lab. test(87 .4%), transfering department(85.4%), transfering room(79.5%), diet(71.8%), discharge (70.2%), Barcord Sticker(70.2%) , reservation(62.2%) in order that were all conected order system mutually to other part. It showed that computer system was not applied for treating the original nursing work such as nursing record (13%), duty scheduling(6.0%) , nursing process(4.6%) , Q.I(1.3%), nursing research(1.3%), education(1.3%), 3. As for the benefit when computer system is applied for, the most respondence was promptness of work and convenience(90.6%) , exactness of work (82.8%), offering information exactily and efficiently(36.3%), offering good quality of nursing (6.0%) in order. 4. The degree of contentment on computerizing in nursing practice showed average 3.24%. The best marking item is that they are eager to participate in the computer education. Next, the automatic output of label and giving the number automatically is to prevent loss and mentioned items of patient registration from being changed(3.95) and to prevent mistakes possibly happening because of doctor's difficult order(3.85). 5. The problems which may happen to in nurses' utilization of computerization for the nursing practice showed average 3.18. The most problem is that the practice may stop because of the problem of computer itself(3.67), and the next, the indication of act can be imperfect(3.66) , manual training may overlap because of incomplete computerization (3.60), practical education for the computerizing is lack(3.41), and the computer literate nurses are lack(3.40) . 6. Study subject's contentment by age was significant difference(F=3.10,P=0.0119). Study subject's contentment by job posision was significant difference(F=6.001P=0.0034) I will propose the following according to the above results. The domain of original nursing practice is urgernt. Manual and indication of act should be made before long in computer obstacle. Nursing department should support the nurses so that they could receive the education needed for the nurses themselves.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.68-80
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to analyze ER patient's Triage and other statistical data. The subjects were 12,618 patients who visited the ER during the year 1998. The study showed the following results; 1. The male vs female ratio was 1.3 : 1.0, the male were in the majority (56.6%), and the age range of 20-29 old was the majority (15.3). The patients who visited ER at 8-10 pm were the majority (11.5%). On Sunday the number of patients who visited the ER were 2,189, and the majority were 17.4%. On Saturday the number of patients was visited the ER were 1,944 patients the second majority (15.4%). Their traffic means : the general passenger cars (75.5%), 119 or hospital ambulance (11.3%). 2.The reasons of visiting ER were : diseases (59.2%), injuries (23.7%). The disease vs injury ratio was 100 : 69. 3. Triage : urgent 40.7%, non-urgent 38.2%, acute 17.8%, and critical 3.2%. 4. The time of waiting and staying in the ER by the Triaget: the average time was 572 minutes (9.53 hrs.). The majority of critical patients (20.5%), acute patients (24.7%) and urgent patients (21.2%) stayed 12-24 hrs., but the majority of non-emergent (27.8%) stayed not longer than one hour. 5. Treatments by the Triage : the 42.9% of critical patients, and 61.3% of acute patients, 57.5% of urgent patients were admitted. But 91.8% of the non-emergents were discharged and 4.7% was admitted. Mortality of total ER visiter were 1.7%. DAA portion was 0.86%. 26.6% of the critical patients were DAA. DAA vs DOA ratio was 1.3 : 1.0. 6. Visiting time, monthly and seasonal distribution by the Triage : the majority of critical patients (12.2%), visited 10-12 am. The majority of acute (12.9%) and urgent (11.7%) visited 4-6 pm, but the majority of non-emergents (15.1%) visited during 8-10 pm. Autumn visiter were the majority (27.6%). The percentage of non-emergent visited in Spring was 41.4% and Autumn was 41.3%. The percentage of urgents who visited in the Summer was 45.3% and the Winter was 40.4%. By clinical departments: the 48.0% of critical patients was NS. The 45.5% of acute and the 33.6% of urgent patients were IM. But the majority of non-emergent patients was PS (21.2%), and the second majority of non-emergent patients was oral Surgery (12.8%).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1467-1478
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop a curriculum for the oriental clinical nurse specialist program based on the understanding of Korean human beings so as to develop nursing as a profession and promote the client's health. The design of this study was based on literature review and nominal group study. The research was managed by East-West Nursing Research Institute of nursing science college at Kyung Hee University. The research team was composed of 17 professors of nursing departments of oriental medical colleges. We obtained opinions from Oriental Nurses Association, Oriental Nursing Research Association, and professors in oriental medical college. We reviewed articles, curriculums of other clinical nurse specialist programs, medical laws and the curriculum development plan for the oriental clinical nurse specialist program from Korean Nurses Association. We discussed a curriculum thoroughly in numerous meetings. We developed a following curriculum: 1. Educational philosophy was founded on the oriental human view which was based on Chun-In union theory. It was founded on the oriental health view which recognized health being in harmony with nature and the balance of body function with the harmony of Yin-Yang in the five elements. In addition, it was founded on oriental nursing view to promote these health states. 2. Educational goals were to train oriental clinical nurse specialists, oriental nursing educators and oriental nursing researchers who developed knowledge of oriental nursing theory, nursing practice and created a leadership. 3. Curriculum consisted of 48 credits, of which 36 credits are based on lectures and laboratory classes and 12 credits are based on clinical practice. 36 credits consisted of 5 general subject credits and 31 core subject credits. General subjects consisted of nursing theory, nursing research, law and ethics. Students who had earned master's degrees are not required to take the general subjects. Core subjects consisted of 11 subjects such as advanced physical examination and laboratory, oriental nursing theory, original text of oriental nursing, oriental medical nursing, oriental pediatric nursing, oriental gynecologic nursing, oriental gerontologic nursing, oriental pharmacology, oriental constitutional nursing, advanced nursing of channels and acupuncture points and laboratory and oriental rehabilitation nursing and laboratory. In addition, clinical practice in a hospital ward, out patient department, herb prepation room, department of physical therapy and health promotion center in oriental medical hospitals for 12 weeks. To admit this program, students should complete prerequisites of introduction to oriental nursing and nursing of channels and acupuncture points. 4. Course contents of each subjects were developed to include the course's goal and objectives and specific items. 5. Evaluation involved lecture, laboratory and in field practice. We applied various evaluation systems and methods that were based on both knowledge and skills of the students to ensure full credibility and validity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.433-443
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to introduce the use of humidifier disinfectant (HD) in hospitals based on an on-site investigation. Methods: A preliminary survey and on-site investigation of HD use were conducted in 23 hospitals. Among them, one hospital without previous information on HD use was selected for a pilot investigation; 22 hospitals were selected based on previous documents and exposure statements from parliamentary investigation and exposure assessment regarding HD. Descriptive statistics were used to present distribution and characteristics of HD purchase and HD use in hospitals. Also, details on interviews from the on-site investigation were described. Results: Among the 23 hospitals, a total of ten were confirmed to have purchased and used an HD (nine hospitals) or HD-like product (one hospital). For the purchased HD products, four hospitals reported 'Aekyung Gaseupgi Mate', two hospitals reported 'Oxy Ssakssak New Gaseupgi Dangbun', and one hospital reported 'Homeplus Gaseupgi Chungjungje' (one hospital used three kinds of HD products). One hospital reported an HD-like product and four hospitals were 'Unknown'. For the number of HD products purchased, five hospitals reported '100 or less', two hospitals reported 'More than 100', and three hospitals were 'Unknown'. For each of the ten hospitals, we described detailed characteristics of HD purchase and its exposure status obtained through on-site investigation, including the purchase volume (i.e., number of products), exposure space (i.e., patient's room, staff space), and exposure period. Additionally, a comparison of on-site investigation and parliamentary investigation or exposure assessment regarding HD was reported. Conclusion: This study introduced detailed cases of HD purchase and HD use in hospitals based on an on-site investigation, and our findings revealed a possibility of a considerable volume of HD exposure in various multiuse facilities, including hospitals.