• Genes and Genomics
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1339-1349
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• 2018

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological disease, of which susceptibility is linked to genetic and environmental risk factors. More and more studies have shown that CP might be caused by multiple genetic factors, similar to other neurodevelopmental disorders. Due to the high genetic heterogeneity of CP, we focused on investigating related molecular pathways. Ten children with CP were collected for whole-exome sequencing by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Customized processes were used to identify potential pathogenic pathways and variants. Three pathways (axon guidance, transmission across chemical synapses, protein-protein interactions at synapses) with twenty-three genes were identified to be highly correlated with CP. This study showed that the three pathways associated with CP might be the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis. These findings could provide useful clues for developing pathway-based pharmacotherapies. Further studies are required to confirm potential roles for these pathways in the pathogenesis of CP.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.49-70
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• 2019

Objectives : Medical records of Xueji in the "Xiaozhufurenliangfang" were examined in this study which aimed to look at the medical situation in gynecology of China's Ming Dynasty period, in hopes for it to yield implications and treatment directions to gynecology in $21^{st}$ century Korea. Methods : The medical records were systematically organized with a medical anthropological approach along with overall analysis of the entire records, which lent meaningful statistical information in numeric form. A bibliographical review of the text as historical artifact was undertaken as well. Results : In managing gynecological conditions, Xueji frequently attributed them to depletion of Qi and Blood of the Spleen and Liver. In terms of pathogenic factors, he frequently mentioned Fire and Heat, and as etiological factors, emotional distress. For treatment, he frequently used 'Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang(補中益氣湯)', 'Xiao Yao San(逍遙散)' and 'Gui Pi Tang(歸脾湯)'. Conclusions : Through studying the medical records of Xueji in "Xiaozhufurenliangfang" a close look into a master's insight on gynecological disorders in terms of diagnosis and treatment was achieved. The formulas he used are widely applied even today, and this study shows that the formulas's clinical application could be expanded even wider.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.102-114
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• 2022

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is a gram-negative, broad host range bacterial pathogen which causes soft rot disease in potatoes as well as other vegetables worldwide. While Pectobacterium infection relies on the production of major cell wall degrading enzymes, other virulence factors and the mechanism of genetic adaptation of this pathogen is not yet clear. In the present study, we have performed an in-depth genome-wide characterization of Pcc strain ICMP5702 isolated from potato and compared it with other pathogenic bacteria from the Pectobacterium genus to identify key virulent determinants. The draft genome of Pcc ICMP5702 contains 4,774,457 bp with a G + C content of 51.90% and 4,520 open reading frames. Genome annotation revealed prominent genes encoding key virulence factors such as plant cell wall degrading enzymes, flagella-based motility, phage proteins, cell membrane structures, and secretion systems. Whereas, a majority of determinants were conserved among the Pectobacterium strains, few notable genes encoding AvrE-family type III secretion system effectors, pectate lyase and metalloprotease in addition to the CRISPR-Cas based adaptive immune system were uniquely represented. Overall, the information generated through this study will contribute to decipher the mechanism of infection and adaptive immunity in Pcc.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.602-611
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• 2022

The persistence of pathogenic Escherichia coli under acidic conditions poses a serious risk to food safety, especially in acidic foods such as kimchi. To identify the bacterial factors required for acid resistance, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on an acid-resistant enterotoxigenic E. coli strain and the genes with significant changes in their expression under acidic pH were selected as putative resistance factors against acid stress. These genes included those associated with a glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) system and copper resistance. E. coli strains lacking GadA, GadB, or YbaST, the components of the GDAR system, exhibited significantly attenuated growth and survival under acidic stress conditions. Accordantly, the inhibition of the GDAR system by 3-mercaptopropionic acid and aminooxyacetic acid abolished bacterial adaptation and survival under acidic conditions, indicating the indispensable role of a GDAR system in acid resistance. Intriguingly, the lack of cueR encoding a transcriptional regulator for copper resistance genes markedly impaired bacterial resistance to acid stress as well as copper. Conversely, the absence of YbaST severely compromised bacterial resistance against copper, suggesting an interplay between acid and copper resistance. These results suggest that a GDAR system can be a promising target for developing control measures to prevent E. coli resistance to acid and copper treatments.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2023

Oxidative stress in skin cells can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are critical for pathogenic processes such as immunosuppression, inflammation, and skin aging. In this study, we confirmed improvements from gamma-irradiated silk sericin (I-sericin) and gamma-irradiated silk fibroin (I-fibroin) to skin cells damaged by oxidative stress. We found that I-sericin and I-fibroin effectively attenuated oxidative stress-induced ROS generation and decreased oxidative stress-induced inflammatory factors COX-2, iNOS, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β compared to the use of non-irradiated sericin or fibroin. I-sericin and Ifibroin effects were balanced by competition with skin regenerative protein factors reacting to oxidative stress. Taken together, our results indicated that, compared to non-irradiated sericin or fibroin, I-sericin, and I-fibroin had anti-oxidation and antiinflammation activity and protective effects against skin cell damage from oxidative stress. Therefore, gamma-irradiation may be useful in the development of cosmetics to maintain skin health.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.19.1-19.18
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• 2021

Clinical and molecular phenotypes of asthma are complex. The main phenotypes of adult asthma are characterized by eosinophil and/or neutrophil cell dominant airway inflammation that represent distinct clinical features. Upper and lower airways constitute a unique system and their interaction shows functional complementarity. Although human upper airway contains various indigenous commensals and opportunistic pathogenic microbiome, imbalance of this interactions lead to pathogen overgrowth and increased inflammation and airway remodeling. Competition for epithelial cell attachment, different susceptibilities to host defense molecules and antimicrobial peptides, and the production of proinflammatory cytokine and pattern recognition receptors possibly determine the pattern of this inflammation. Exposure to environmental factors, including infection, air pollution, smoking is commonly associated with asthma comorbidity, severity, exacerbation and resistance to anti-microbial and steroid treatment, and these effects may also be modulated by host and microbial genetics. Administration of probiotic, antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment for asthma may modify the composition of resident microbiota and clinical features. This review summarizes the effect of some environmental factors on the upper respiratory microbiome, the interaction between host-microbiome, and potential impact of asthma treatment on the composition of the upper airway microbiome.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.60-74
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• 2017

지리정보시스템(Geographic Information System: 이하 GIS)은 고병원성조류인플루엔자(Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: 이하 HPAI)의 예찰, 역학조사, 감염농장 관리, 예방적 살처분 실시, 청정화 진행 등 질병관리를 위한 전 과정에서 공간 위치정보의 관리와 표현 그리고 의사결정을 위한 도구로 활용될 수 있다. 우리나라에서도 2010-2011년 구제역 발생으로 큰 피해를 본 이후, GIS와 연계된 국가동물방역통합시스템(Korea Animal Health Integrated System: 이하 KAHIS)를 구축하여 가축전염병 관리를 시행하고 있다. 그러나 농장 및 축산관련 시설과 차량에 대한 관리 및 모니터링 수준의 KAHIS 방역통합시스템은 HPAI 예찰 및 방역에 역부족이다. 따라서 KAHIS시스템과 더불어 효율적 가축질병(HPAI) 관리를 위하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서는 2014년 기준 HPAI 감염농장의 특성을 바탕으로 차후 HPAI 감염 가능 농장을 예측하였다. HPAI 감염농장 특징 분석을 위하여 권역별 HPAI-양성농장의 개수와 밀도 및 가금사육 두수를 조사하였다. 조사결과 HPAI-양성농장의 82.4%가 전라지역과 충청지역에 분포하고 있었다. 위 두 지역에 위치한 HPAI-양성농장(충청지역: $4.2{\pm}5.6$, 전라지역: $2.2{\pm}1.1$)은 HPAI-음성농장(충청지역: $1.8{\pm}1.5$, 전라지역: $1.7{\pm}0.7$)에 비하여 통계적으로 높은 밀도값을 보여주었다. 또한 HPAI-양성농장의 92.4%에서 가금두수 최소 6,537에서 최대 24,250를 사육하고 있었다. 위의 HPAI 감염농장 특징은 GIS Multiple Ring Butter(MRB) 기능을 이용하여 차후 HPAI 감염 가능 농장을 예측하는데 사용되었다. 분석결과 철새도래지 반경 30km(386개)와 35km(407개) 내 위치한 HPAI-양성농장의 수는 HPAI 확산 후 전국 감염농장(429개)과 유사한 값을 보여주었다. 또한 철새도래지 반경 30km 내 위치한 일반가금농장 중 하천 반경 1-1.5km와 지방도로 반경 1km에 중첩되는 지역에 위치한 일반가금농장의 개수(324-409개) 및 지리적 위치는 2014년 HPAI-양성농장의 개수(386개)와 90.0% 그리고 지리적 위치와 54.8%의 유사성을 보였다. 본 연구는 철새도래지의 위치정보와 가금농장의 위치 및 사육가금두수의 정보를 토대로 GIS분석을 통하여 앞으로 발생할 HPAI 발생농장에 대한 추이를 판단할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.90-98
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• 1994

전남지역에서 사육하고 있는 젖소 767두 중 유방염으로 의심되는 405두에서 원인균을 분리하여 유병률, 계절별 분리균의 분포, 항균 요법제에 대한 감수성 검사 등을 실시하였다. 유방염의 유병률을 살펴보면, 총 767두 중애서 259두(33.8%)이었고, 분방별로는 총 3,068분방 중에서 568분방(18.5%)이었으며, 계절별로는 8원(17.6%), 9월(12.7%), 4월(11.2%) 등의 순으로 나타났고 체세포 숫자별로는 평균 105.9X10$^4$ $\pm$ 79.5X10$^4$이었다. 원인균의 월별 분리빈도분포를 살펴보면, 1월에는 Staphylococcus sp. & Escherichia coli(33.3%), 2월 Staphylococcus sp.(71.4%), 3월 Streptococcus sp.(31.6%), 4월 Streptococcus sp.(41.4%), 5월 Escherichia coli(35.7%), 6월 Staphylococcus aureus(26.9%), 7월 Salmonella sp.(25.9%), 8월 Escherichia coli(20.5%), 9월 Escherichia coli & Pseudomonas sp.(21.2%), 10월 Klebsiella sp.(29.6%), 11월 Salmonella sp.(31.6%), 12월 Streptococcus sp.(37.5%) 등이 가장 높았다. 체세포 숫자별 원인균의 분리빈도분포를 살펴보면, Staphylococcus sp.(251 X 10$^4$ $\pm$ 300X10$^4$ 35.7%)을 제외하고는 일반적으로 50 X 10$^4$ $\pm$ 100X10$^4$이 가장 높았다. 항균요법제에 대한 감수성은 일반적으로 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole은 Streptococcus Sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus sp., Klebsiella sp.에 높았으며 gentamycin은 Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Sp, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp.에 높았다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2006

Experimental animals have been used to biological and medical purposes and the animals must be, for these purposes, healthy and clean to microbial infection. However, the animals can be easily exposed to pathogenic microorganism via several routes. Of the routes, environmental conditions are the most important factors to keep the animals healthy and clean, especially air condition. Monitoring of air-condition has been required to keep the animal healthy and clean. However, any guideline is not available for experimental conditions with pigs. Therefore, the sampling times and points were compared in different conditions to establish an optimal protocol for monitoring of air borne bacteria. Tryptic soy agar(TSA), blood agar containing 5% defibrinated sheep blood and Sabraud dextrose agar(SDA) were used as media to capture total bacteria, pathogenic bacteria and fungi, respectively. Two methods, compulsive capture using an air-sampler and capturing fall-down bacteria were used to capture the microorganisms in the air. The points and time of capturing were different at each experiment. Air borne microorganisms were captured at three and five points in the open and closed equipments, respectively. Air was collected using an air-sampler for 1 min and 5 min and the agar plates as open status were left from 30 min to 2hr. At first, we monitored an experimental laboratory which dealt with several pathogenic bacteria and then, a protocol obtained from the investigation was applied to open or close experimental conditions with pigs. Number of bacteria was high from 10:00 to 15:00, especially on 13:30-15:30 but sharply decreased after 17:00. The tendency of the number of bacteria was similar between two methods even though the absolute number was higher with air sampler. Critical difference in the number of cells was observed at 5 min with air sampler and 2 hr with fall-down capturing method. However, 1 min with air sampler and 1 hr with fall-down capturing were the best condition to identify bacterial species collected from the air. Number of bacteria were different depending on the sampling points in closed condition but not in opened condition. Based on our results, a guide-line was suggested for screening air-borne microorganism in the experimental conditions with pigs.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2007

1. The pathogenic factors of diarrhea are external sensation, jungjishiljo, weakness of the spleen and stomach, improper diet, sinyanghueson, sueumyujang, liver Gi invades the spleen, uhhyuljeche. 2. The etiological causes of diarrhea are classified into pung, han, seo, seup, yul, sikjuk, ju, chiljung, damsul. Morphology of diarrhea are classified into yu, hwal, son, pok, goe, dongsul. 3. The etiological cause of diarrhea are closely related to the malfunction of the spleen, stomach and the related jang and bu's pathological alternation such as splees & stomach, large intestine, small intestine, liver, spleen, and kidney. 4. Diarrhea was mentioned in literatures not only as chronic Heohansung disorder, but also acute silyulsung disorder, based on hanyulheosil theory.