• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.788-796
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• 2023

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has high morbidity and mortality rates in canines. Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of CPV-2 has endonuclease activity, initiates viral DNA replication, and is highly conserved. Thus, it is a promising target for antiviral inhibitor development. We overexpressed a 41.9 kDa active recombinant endonuclease in Escherichia coli and designed a nicking assay using carboxyfluorescein and quencher-linked ssDNA as substrates. The optimal temperature and pH of the endonuclease were 37℃ and pH 7, respectively. Curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, linoleic acid, tannic acid, and α-tocopherol inhibited CPV-2 NS1 endonuclease with IC₅₀ values of 0.29 to 8.03 µM. The extracted turmeric, yerba mate, and sesame cake suppressed CPV-2 NS1 endonuclease with IC₅₀ values of 1.48, 7.09, and 52.67 ㎍/ml, respectively. The binding affinity between curcumin, the strongest inhibitor, and CPV-2 NS1 endonuclease by molecular docking was -6.4 kcal/mol. Curcumin inhibited CPV-2 NS1 endonuclease via numerous hydrophobic interactions and two hydrogen bonds with Lys97 and Pro111 in the allosteric site. These results suggest that adding curcuminoids, linoleic acid, tannic acid, α-tocopherol, extracted turmeric, sesame cake, and yerba to the diet could prevent CPV-2 infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.19.1-19.6
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• 2023

Rapid immunochromatography test (RICT) kits are commonly used for the diagnosis of canine parvovirus (CPV) because of their rapid turnaround time, simplicity, and ease of use. However, the potential for cross-reactivity and low sensitivity can yield false-positive or false-negative results. There are 4 genotypes of CPV. Therefore, evaluating the performance and reliability of RICT kits for CPV detection is essential to ensure accurate diagnosis for appropriate treatment. In this study, we evaluated the performance of commercial RICT kits in the diagnosis of all CPV genotypes. The cross-reactivity of 6 commercial RICT kits was evaluated using 8 dog-related viruses and 4 bacterial strains. The limit of detection (LOD) was measured for the 4 genotypes of CPV and feline panleukopenia virus. The tested kits showed no cross-reactivity with the 8 dog-related viruses or 4 bacteria. Most RICT kits showed strong positive results for CPV-2 variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c). However, the 2 kits produced negative results for CPV-2 or CPV-2b at a titer of 10⁵ FAID₅₀/mL, which may result in inaccurate diagnoses. Therefore, some kits need to improve their LOD by increasing their binding efficiency to detect all CPV genotypes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2024

Canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine parainfluenza virus 5 (CPIV-5) are the major viral pathogens in dogs. Despite the availability of vaccines for dogs against these 4 viral pathogens, investigations of antibodies against these pathogens have rarely been reported in South Korea. In this study, we investigated the recent incidence of viral diseases in dogs and conducted sero-surveillance for CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5 in Korean dogs. The most frequently diagnosed canine viral disease in Korean dog samples from 2000 to 2022 was CPV infection, which accounted for 48.7% (464/953) of the cases. A total of 400 dog serum samples collected between 2019 and 2022 were screened for the presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies against CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5. The overall seropositivity rates for CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5 were 83.8%, 77.8%, 99.3%, and 82.0%, respectively. The protection rate against CPV was the highest (98.3%) and that against CAV-2 was the lowest (44.8%) in dog sera. Male and female dogs showed no significant differences in seropositivity rates. CDV and CPIV-5 seropositivity increased with age in dogs, and the highest incidence and seropositivity rates of CPV indicated that Korean dogs have been continuously exposed to wild CPV, and that CPV is a pathogen that urgently requires attention among canine viral diseases.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 1993

In Seoul area, there are so many kennel clubs, veterinary hospital, pet establishment and breeding confers that various problems have occurred. They are crowed pet houses, poor sanitation, stress to puppies, sudden environmental changes to puppies and unvaccination against parvovirus, canine distemper virus, parainfluenza virus, infectious hepatitis caused by Adenovirus type I and Leptospira. Several studies were made to survey the infectious agents involved in acute diarrhea of poppies in Seoul are, such as history taking, physical examination, complete blood count and serum chemistry, histopathological finding, bacterial isolation and identification, and hemagglutination test in feces and hemagglutination inhibition test in serum against parvovirus, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as followed. 1. The percent of PCV (30.5$\pm$5.6) and concentration of Total protein(5.0$\pm$0.8) resulted from statistical analysis are significantly lower than normal values (p<0.05), respectively. In addition, fibrinogen (505$\pm$326) was significantly higher an normal value (p<0.001), Band neutrophil (22.9$\pm$12.7) showed signifiant difference (P<0.01). decreased monocyte (3.2$\pm$2.1) and eosinophil (0.7$\pm$0.8) values appeared statistically significant (p<0.001), lymphocyte (16.7$\pm$9), as well. 2. The concentrations of calcium .(8.0$\pm$2.8), glucose (40.1$\pm$31.4), and albumin (2.0$\pm$0.39) were lower than normal values (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.001), respectively. Also Inorganic phosphate (7.1$\pm$2.4), pH (p<7.9f:0.2), and Blood Urea Nitrogen (40.41=37.1) were significantly higher than normal values (p<0.001, p(0.001, p<0.05), respectively. 3. Simple and mixed infections occupied 18% and 82% in the distribution of causes in puppies with acute diarrhea, respectively. 4. As puppies got older, incidence of acute diarrhea caused by Staphylococcus aureus was decreased to 13% and infection of canine distemper virus was increased to 53%, but E coli and canine parvovirus always showed high frequency of outbreak in the body weight ranged from 35g to 7.8Kg. 5. As showed in table 5, infections of E coli and Canine Parvovirus showed high outbreak regardless of the age which is classified into three stages, 35~50 day, 60 day and 75~day to 1 year, canine distemper virus appeared increased, but in case of Staphylococcus aureus, visa versa. 6. In comparison wi methods for the laboratory diagnosis diagnosis parvovirus, Hemagglutination test showed positive reaction in 25% and mean serum antibody titer measured by Hemagglutination inhibition test showed 2779 (n=20). In addition, positive reaction was 90% (18/20). 7. In histopathological studies, enteritic and pneumonic lesions were indicated in 53.7% and 39.5% of samples, respectively. 8. Etiologic diagnosis based on the history taking, clinical signs and histopathological findings in puppies with acute diarrhea and vomiting indicated that 50% of puppies were infected by canine parvovirus and distemper virus. 9. In the parasitological examination made by simple flotation with saturated zinc sulfate tour parasites found were Isospora canis, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma spp and Toxocara spp. Isospora canis and Toxocara canis were more frequently found among those parasites of diarrhoeic causes in puppies ranged from 35 days to 1 year. Their infestation rates were 15% and 13% respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.173-181
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• 2008

Bovine blood, cell, tissue, and organ are used as raw materials for manufacturing biologics such as biopharmaceuticals, tissue-engineered products, and cell therapy. Manufacturing processes for the biologics have the risk of viral contamination. Therefore viral validation is essential in ensuring the safety of the products. Bovine parvovirus (BPV) is one of the common bovine pathogens and has widely been known as a possible contaminant of biologics. In order to establish the validation system for the BPV safety of biologics, a real-time PCR method was developed for quantitative detection of BPV contamination in raw materials, manufacturing processes, and final products. Specific primers for amplification of BPV DNA were selected, and BPV DNA was quantified by use of SYBR Green 1. The sensitivity of the assay was calculated to be $1.3{\times}10^{-1}\;TCID_{50}/mL$. The real-time PCR method was validated to be reproducible and very specific to BPV. The established real-time PCR assay was successfully applied to the validation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell artificially infected with BPV. BPV DNA could be quantified in CHO cell as well as culture supernatant. Also the real-time PCR assay could detect $1.3{\times}10^0\;TCID_{50}/mL$ of BPV artificially contaminated in bovine collagen. The overall results indicated that this rapid, specific, sensitive, and robust assay can be reliably used for quantitative detection of BPV contamination during manufacture of biologics.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

This study was undertaken to provide the appropriate vaccination protocol of canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccine for the companion dogs in Korea. A total of 120 healthy pups (20 pups per group) at 6 weeks of age were randomly assigned to one of four commercially available vaccines [C, G, K, and V groups] and one of vaccination schedules [V2 and V4 groups]. The serological responses to the CPV component of the vaccines were determined by measuring HI titers. The maternal antibodies was declined to under the protective level at 6 weeks of age. Therefore, it was considered that vaccination of pups for CPV should be started at 6 weeks of age. And when the combination vaccine was used, the immunogenicity of V vaccine was superior to the other vaccines and optimum vaccination schedule was 3 times vaccination with 3 weeks-interval starting vaccination at 6 weeks of age. Although pups were vaccinated at 6 weeks of age, the geometric mean CDV titers of pups in all groups by 9 weeks of age were under the protective level. So, hygienic measures including avoiding to exposure to the high risk areas were needed to prevent CPV infection in this period.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2023

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and canine coronavirus (CCoV) are major pathogens that can induce gastroenteritis in dogs. They are highly contagious and have a high morbidity rate. There are no specific treatments available for them to date. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis becomes essential. The rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for animals can be used widely in the field because it is fast and easy to use for diagnosis. Thus, this study aimed to clinically evaluate and confirm the clinical utility of CPV-2/CCoV RDT. The parameters evaluated included the limit of detection (LoD), cross-reactivity, interference, sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and kappa value. The results revealed that the LoD values for CPV-2 and CCoV were 9.7×10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀)/mL and 2.5×10² TCID₅₀/mL, respectively. There was no cross-reactivity with nine pathogens or interference by interfering materials. The RDT showed a sensitivity of 90.0%, a specificity of 100.0%, NLR of 0.1, and a kappa value of 0.90 for diagnosing both viruses. In conclusion, CPV-2/CCoV RDT is useful as a screening test because of its high sensitivity, specificity, kappa value, and low NLR.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.6-6
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2006

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.163-167
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• 2015

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major diarrhea-causing agent in puppies. Since CPV type 2 (CPV-2) emerged in 1978, new antigenic variants including CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c have been identified in many countries. Two puppies died suddenly at a veterinary clinic in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Two viruses were isolated in A72 cells, confirmed as CPV strains based on a CPV rapid kit and an indirect fluorescence test and designated QIACP1403 and QIACP1404. The nucleotide sequences of complete VP2 genes of QIACP1403 and QIACP1404 were determined, and the corresponding amino acid sequences were deduced. Molecular analyses revealed that the QIACP1403 and QIACP1404 isolates were type CPV-2b. Several mutated amino acids were detected on VP2 gene residues of the two isolates. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the two isolates were most closely related to strain CPV-BM11, which was isolated from Chinese dogs in 2011. Our results suggest that these isolates may be a candidate for a vaccine to prevent CPV infection in dogs after conducting passages of the isolates in an in vitro culture system.