• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.719-731
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• 2003

In order to maintain and manage ambient air quality, it is necessary to identify sources and to apportion its sources for ambient particulate matters. The receptor methods were one of the statistical methods to achieve reasonable air pollution strategies. Also, receptor methods, a field of chemometrics, is based on manifold applied statistics and is a statistical methodology that analyzes the physicochemical properties of gaseous and particulate pollutant on various atmospheric receptors, identifies the sources of air pollutants, and quantifies the apportionment of the sources to the receptors. The objective of this study was 1) after obtaining results from the PMF modeling, the existing sources of air at the study area were qualitatively identified and the contributions of each source were quantitatively estimated as well. 2) finally efficient air pollution management and control strategies of each source were suggested. The PMF model was intensively applied to estimate the quantitative contribution of air pollution sources based on the chemical information (128 samples and 25 chemical species). Through a case study of the PMF modeling for the PM-10 aerosols, the total of 11 factors were determined. The multiple linear regression analysis between the observed PM-10 mass concentration and the estimated G matrix had been performed following the FPEAK test. Finally the regression analysis provided quantitative source contributions (scaled G matrix) and source profiles (scaled F matrix). The results of the PMF modeling showed that the sources were apportioned by secondary aerosol related source 28.8 ％, soil related source 16.8％, waste incineration source 11.5%, field burning source 11.0%, fossil fuel combustion source 10%, industry related source 8.3％, motor vehicle source 7.9%, oil/coal combustion source 4.4％, non-ferrous metal source 0.3％. and aged sea- salt source 0.2％, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.86-96
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• 2011

The positive matrix factorization (PMF2) and multilinear engine (ME2) models have been shown to be powerful environmental analysis techniques and have been successfully applied to the assessment of ambient particulate matter (PM) source contributions. Because these models are difficult to apply practically, the US EPA developed a more user-friendly version of the PMF. The initial version of the EPA PMF model does not provide any rotational capabilities; for this reason, the model was upgraded to include rotational functions in the EPA PMF ver. 2.0. In this study, PMF and EPA PMF modeling identified ten particulate matter sources including secondary sulfate I, vehicle gasoline, secondary sulfate II, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate III, incinerators, aged sea salt, airborne soil particles, oil combustion, and diesel emissions. All of the source profiles determined by the two models showed excellent agreement. The calculated average concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were consistent between the PMF2 and EPA PMF ($17.94{\pm}0.30{\mu}g/m^3$ and $17.94{\pm}0.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). Also, each set of estimated source contributions of the PMF2 and EPA PMF showed good agreement. The results from the new EPA PMF version applying rotational functions were consistent with those of PMF2. Therefore, the updated version of EPA PMF with rotational capabilities will provide more reasonable solutions compared with those of PMF2 and can be more widely applied to air quality management.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제21권E1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2005

Size distribution of particulate water-soluble ion components was measured at Gosan, Korea using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). Sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate showed peaks in three size ranges; Sulfate and ammonium were of dominant species measured in the fine mode ($D_{p} < 1.8 {\mu}m$). One peak was observed in the condensation mode ($0.218\sim0.532{\mu}m$), and the other peak was obtained in the droplet mode ($0.532\sim1.8{\mu}m$). Considering the fact that the equivalent ratios of ammonium to sulfate ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 in these size ranges, it is inferred that they formed sufficiently neutralized compounds such as ($NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4} and (NH_{4})_{3}H(SO_{4})_{2}$ during the long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants. On the other hand, nitrate was distributed mainly in the coarse mode ($3.1\sim6.2{\mu}m$) combined with soil and sea salt. Two sets of MOUDI samples were collected in each season. One sample was collected when the concentrations of criteria air pollutants were relatively high, but the other represented relatively clean air quality. The concentrations of sulfate and ammonium particles in droplet mode were the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. When the air quality was bad, the increase of nitrate was observed in the condensation mode ($0.218\sim0.282{\mu}m$). It thus suggests that the nitrate particles were produced through gas phase reaction of nitric acid with ammonia. Chloride depletion was remarkably high in summer due to the high temperature and relative humidity.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.543-555
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• 2006

During a twenty-day period in 2005, a nine-stage Andersen cascade impactor was used to determine the seasonal size distribution of atmospheric particles and its inorganic ion species sampled for 24hr in Iksan city, located southwest of the Korean peninsula. Samples were analyzed for major water-soluble ion species using Dionex-100 ion chromatograph. Average fine and coarse mass concentrations of atmospheric particles were, respectively, 31.4 and $82.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in spring and 35.8 and $73.4{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in fall-winter during the sampling period of 2005, while measurements of 69.8 and 9.9 were obtained in the sampling period of summer, The size distribution of particulate mass concentration during the non-Asian dust period was generally bimodal, whereas the size distribution of particulate mass concentration during the Asian dust period was unimodal due to the significant increase of coarse particles, which originated from long-range transport of soil dust particles from loess regions of the Asian continent. Among ionic species, $SO{_4}^{2-},\;NH{_4}^+,\;K^+$ were mainly distributed in fine particles due to their characteristics of emission sources and gas-to-particle conversion, while $Na^+,\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ were dominantly in coarse particles. However, $NO_3{^-}\;and\;Cl^-$ were distributed in both coarse particles and fine particles. Although $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was mainly distributed in fine particles, the size distributions of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in coarse mode were significantly increased during the Asian dust events compared to those during the non-Asian dust period. $Ca^{2+}$ showed the most abundant species in the atmospheric particles during the Asian dust period. $NH{_4}^+$ was found to mainly exist as $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in fine particles.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 1995

This study was carried out to characterize sources of suspended particulate matter(SPM) in Mt. Soback area from January to Novembver in 1993. The collection and major water soluble ion analysis of SPM were conducted by using a High Volumn Air Sampler(HVAS; W&A Inc., PM-10) and ion chromatograph(DIONEX 4000i), respectively. The variations of SPM and major ion concentrations were found to be 9. sim. 156.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, $F^{-10}$ 0.00 .sim. 0.15.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, C $l^{-10}$ 0.06 .sim. 3.79.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, N $O_{3}$$^{-10}$ 0.90 .sim. 6.85.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ 1.99 .sim. 9.36.mu.g/ $m^{3}$ N $a^{+}$0.00 .sim. 0.27.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, N $H_{4}$ $^{+}$0.72 .sim. 5.77.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, $k^{+}$0.03 .sim. 0.88.mu.g/ $m^{3}$ and $Ca^{2+}$0.12 .sim. 2.76.mu.g/ $m^{3}$. Tree sources were identified by Principal Component Amalysis(PCA) using a SPSS/P $C^{+}$. The explanation ability of forst, second and third Principal Component were 60.8%, 13.6%, 8.2%, of total variance. The sources classfied by PCA were found to be secondary aerosol/fuel combustion, soil dust related cement production/yellow sand and aerosol related waste burning.related waste burning.g.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.420-431
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• 2010

The water-soluble components have been analyzed from the total suspended particulate (TSP) collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island for ten years (1997~2006), and the long-term variations of ionic constituent concentrations have been investigated in order to understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric aerosols. Their mean concentrations were in the order of nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ > $Na^+$ > ${NO_3}^-$ > $Cl^$ > ${NH_4}^+$ > nss-$Ca^{2+}$ > $K^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$. The ${NO_3}^-$ concentrations had increased somewhat smoothly compared to those of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ for the past 10 years, possibly indicating the recent energy consumption pattern changes in China. The concentrations of ionic aerosol components showed mostly higher values during the Asian Dust storm periods, and the concentration ratios of nss-$Ca^{2+}$, ${NO_3}^-$, and nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ between the Asian Dust and Non-Asian Dust periods were 6.9, 2.4, and 1.3, respectively. The anthropogenic nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${NH_4}^+$ and the soil originated nss-$Ca^{2+}$ components showed high concentrations as the air parcels were moved from the Asia continent, on the other hand, their concentrations were relatively low as moving from the Northern Pacific into the Gosan area.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to characterize mass concentration of $PM_{10}\;to,\;PM_{2.5}$ and metallic composition using Minivol Portable Sampler from May 2003 to May 2004 in metropolitan city, Seoul. Annual average concentration of $PM_{10}$ were $57.67({\pm}28.20)\;{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;PM_{2.5},\;were\;42.06({\pm}20.23)\;{\mu}g/m^3$. The concentration was the highest in winter because persistent thermal inversion and in spring, particulate matter concentration was high because of yellow-sand events. The average $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was 0.73. This indicated $PM_{2.5}$ fraction played a significant role in air pollution. The atmospheric metallic elements in the $PM_{10},PM_{2.5}$ came different emission sources such as soil, traffic, industry and resuspended particles. The results showed that average $PM_{10}$ composition order as Fe>Zn>Pb>Cu>Mn. The metallic elements Zn and Fe were the largest composition in the $PM_{2.5}$

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.603-620
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• 2022

Human activities have caused an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in climate change that affects many factors of human life including its effect on water and food quality in certain areas with implications for human health. CH₄ and N₂O are known as potent non-CO₂ GHGs. The livestock industry contributes to direct emissions of CH₄ (38.24%) and N₂O (6.70%) through enteric fermentation and manure treatment, as well as indirect N₂O emissions via NH₃ volatilization. NH₃ is also a secondary precursor of particulate matter. Several approaches have been proposed to address this issue, including dietary management, manure treatment, and the possibility of inhibitor usage. Inhibitors, including urease and nitrification inhibitors, are widely used in agricultural fields. The use of urease and nitrification inhibitors is known to be effective in reducing nitrogen loss from agricultural soil in the form of NH₃ and N₂O and can further reduce CH₄ as a side effect. However, the effectiveness of inhibitors in livestock manure systems has not yet been explored. This review discusses the potential of inhibitor usage, specifically of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, dicyandiamide, and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, to reduce emissions from livestock manure. This review focuses on the application of inhibitors to manure, as well as the association of these inhibitors with health, toxicity, and economic benefits.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.699-708
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• 2005

To characterize the elemental composition of fine particles in urban area, $PM_{2.5}$ was collected by a 3-stage DRUM impactor at Gwangju during spring and summer. Time and size resolved concentrations for 19 trace elements were obtained by synchrotron X-Ray fluorescence analysis. Trace elements in summer were distributed in smaller size range compared to those in spring. Almost trace element concentrations in fine particles were highly increased during the Asian dust. In spring, soil elements such as Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe had low enrichment factors indicating the dominant influence of soil dust. However, all elements had high enrichment factors in summer implying that these elements could be emitted from the anthropogenic sources. Factor analysis was conducted with the elemental composition data in order to identify anthropogenic sources of aerosols in urban area during spring and summer. Fine particles in spring have several sources such as soil dust originating from China continental region, coal and oil combustion, biomass burning, sea salt, ferrous and nonferrous metal sources. On the other hand, fine particles in summer were influenced by road dust, gasoline vehicle as well as coal and oil combustion, sea salt, ferrous and nonferrous metal sources.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.852-857
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• 2010

점토광물 일라이트를 이용하여 고추의 생육증진 효과를 평가하기 위하여 2010년 충북대학교 첨단원예 유리온실에서 시험을 수행 하였다. 시험은 상토를 이용하여 수행하였으며 일라이트 처리는 기준량 처리 1:20 (w/w), 2배량 처리 1:10 (w/w), 4배량 처리 1:5 (w/w)의로 처리하였으며 재배기간 동안 수분공급 이외에 다른 영양성분은 일체 공급하지 않았다. 고추는 대촌을 선택하여 실험하였으며 작물의 양이온 K, Ca, Mg의 흡수량을 측정하여 일라이트 처리에 따른 효과의 차이를 평가하였다. 6주간의 생육 특성을 비교 해본 결과 고추는 무처리구 대비 1~21%의 생장이 증가함을 보였다. 처리량에 따른 고추의 뿌리, 줄기, 잎에서의 무처리구 대비 처리구의 흡수량은 K가 무처리구 대비 뿌리에서 -0.09-32%, 줄기 34-85%, 잎에서 29-110%, Ca는 뿌리에서 -12-29%, 줄기 49-120%, 잎에서 22-86%, Mg의 뿌리는 -0.3-56%, 줄기 40-128%, 잎은 31-155%의 차이를 보였다. 또한 고추 대촌은 일라이트 처리량에 따라 양분흡수량이 증가한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 이로 인하여 고추의 생장의 차이가 발생하였다고 사료된다.