• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.201-228
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• 2018

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to classify never-married types of adult men and women and explore factors related to these types. Never-married types were categorized into 4 types according to continuity and voluntariness: continuous voluntary type; changed voluntary type; continuous non-voluntary type; and changed non-voluntary type. Factors related to types of being single were examined in terms of socio-demographic factors, individual and psychological factors (self-esteem, depression), dating relationship factors (current relationship status), original family factors (parental conflict, relationship with parents, parents' demand for marriage), marriage related factors (division of roles after marriage), and occupation related factors (work values, employment instability). Method: As for research method, a survey was conducted with never-married adult men and women between the ages of 35 and 49 living in Seoul, Gyeonggi or Incheon areas. Of 300 copies of questionnaire distributed, data from 295 copies were processed using SPSS 24.0 program for multinomial logit analysis. Results: The study results showed that, of never-married men respondents, continuous voluntary type accounted for 20.5%; changed voluntary type 18.9%; continuous non-voluntary type 49.6%; and changed non-voluntary type 11.0%. It was found that the factors related to continuous non-voluntary type among never-married men are age, religion, average monthly income, while the factors related to changed voluntary type are religion, self-esteem, depression, and frequency and strength of parental conflict, while the factor related to changed non-voluntary type men was living with parents. Examining never-married women respondents, it was found that, continuous voluntary type accounted for 33.9%; changed non-voluntary type 19.6%; continuous non-voluntary type 22.6%; and changed voluntary type 23.8%. The factor related to continuous non-voluntary type among never-married women was parents' demand for marriage, while the factors related changed voluntary type were age, depression and strength of parental conflict. Also, the factors related to changed non-voluntary type of never-married women were age, religion, living with parents, depression and parents' demand for marriage. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that continuous non-voluntary type formed the largest group among never-married men, whereas continuous voluntary type was the majority in never-married women. Both never-married men and women chose to remain single when they are living with their parents and their parental conflict is intense. Parents' demand for marriage was related to women, but not to men.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.43
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• pp.106-130
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• 2000

When parents as primary care takers to the mentally disabled adult are no longer taking care of their care-needed offsprings because of their own death or illness, instead themselves. who take care of their offsprings with the mental disability? Therefore, 'permanency planning' is very important for reduction of parents' care burden and social integration of mentally disabled adults. Accordingly, this study aims to find out factors which are related to permanency planning for adults with the mentally disability For the purpose of the study, 192 parents of the adult with the mental illness and mental retardation were conducted a survey regarding type of permanency planning, and its related factors including social functioning level of the mentally disabled, care burden, parents' self-perception of being aged, help from offspring without mental disability, social support, and financial ability. Furthermore, this study examined correlation between these factors and residential planning. Results obtained by the study were as follows: 1) 51% of the parents are having a plan for institution and most parents want other family member to take care for financial planning for their mentally disabled offsprings. 2) As a result of multiple regression for finding out factors which affect parents' permanency planning, social functioning level of the mentally disabled, parents' self-perception of being aged, help from offspring without mental disability, social support, and financial ability were statistically significant influenced factors, which has 23.3% of explanatory power. 3) As a result of step-wise multiple regression, financial ability, parents' self-perception of being aged, and help from offspring without mental disability were the most powerful influenced factors for permanency planning. 4) In case of having a plan for residential types-which are institution and community living-, parents who have a plan for the mentally disabled offsprings' future residence as community living than institution have the offsprings with more social functioning and also have more help from offspring without mental disability. Therefore, this study concluded that welfare policy for mental health and the handicapped which secure various types of community living facilities and income security is strongly needed. At the same time, mental health profession is needed to have more active interest and intervention for permanency planning for their adult clients and parents.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.166-181
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• 2023

Purpose: This study examined the literature concerning the burdens of parents of preschool-aged children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We employed an integrative review methodology based on Whittemore and Knafl's framework. The literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines across four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and PsycINFO. Ultimately, 18 articles were included in the review. Results: The review yielded four themes: (1) parental burdens, (2) factors related to the burdens, (3) coping strategies, and (4) implications for clinical practice. Parents experienced psychological, physical, and social burdens due to the diabetes care of their children. Several factors influenced burdens, including child-related characteristics such as age, severity of diabetes, and hospitalization experience, as well as parental factors like family income, race, and residential area. Parents initially felt burdened when their child was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, but over time, they often adapted to the situation through support and sharing of responsibilities. Parents desired education and interventions reflecting the unique characteristics of preschoolers. Conclusion: This integrative literature review revealed that parents experience numerous burdens when their child is diagnosed with diabetes. Future research should focus on developing interventions to address parents' psychological difficulties, including tracking parental psychological changes over time. Tailored nursing interventions should also be provided to parents of preschool-aged children, as opposed to the more generic nursing interventions traditionally applied across all age groups of children in clinical settings.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.315-331
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine current situations about and factors related to expenditures of private education among pre-school children and to provide policy implications useful for future pre-school children education. The subjects of the study were parents of pre-school children under seven years of age, who lived in Seoul and Incheon area. The survey was conducted using parent questionnaire. The major findings of the study are: First, 86.8% of parents of pre-school children use private education and the average expenditure on it was 154, 446 won. Second, major factors determining their private education expenditure are educational level of parents, parents' job characteristics, household income, and region. Third, the most important reason for using private education among parents is to improve and excel in academic performance of their children. Forth, the higher the parents' expected returns from private education are, the higher the expenditure level of private education is. Fitth, the results of the logistic regressions showed that parents' attitudes toward private education was the most important factor in determining household economic burden associated with private education. The odds were 5 times greater for the parent group with strong desire for private education than for the parent group without it and 1.2 times greater for the parent group with high-expected returns from private education than the parent group without it. In conclusion, systematic, universal educational policies need to be developed to provide and support all the parents with pre-school children, given that their current economic burden is substantial. By providing such support, we can help parents focus on public education. This study examining current situations about and determining factors related to private education expenditures among pre-school children collected data limiting only Seoul and Inchoen area, therefore, future studies need to include data collected nationwide for generalizability of the findings. As well, development of more elaborated survey instruments and analytical methods would advance our understanding in the field.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.19-39
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• 2016

This study attempted to explore child, family, and parents' psychological factors that were related to quality of home environment among families with preschoolers in Korea. The relationships between a series of factors and home environment and the predictive effects of the factors on HOME scores were analyzed using data from 1,690 families who participated in the5th wave of the PSKC (Panel Study of Korean Children) when the target child's age was about 4 years old. The results revealed that when the child was a boy and when the child had a difficult temperament, the overall HOME scores were lower. Mothers' age, parents' education, family income, poverty and family life events were significantly related to the HOME scores, too. All of the psychological factors of both mothers and fathers were significantly correlated with the HOME scores. When both mother and father had less depressive symptoms, lower level of parenting stress and greater marital satisfaction, the HOME scores were higher. Regression analysis showed that child's gender, father's education and mothers' marital satisfaction were relatively strong predictors of HOME. The policy implication for parent education and suggestions for future study were proposed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.378-388
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to build a theoretical frame to provide practical help to prevent and manage adolescent internet game addiction by developing a prediction model through a comprehensive analysis of related factors. Methods: The participants were 1,318 students studying in elementary, middle, and high schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Decision Tree Analysis using the Clementine program was applied to build an optimum and significant prediction model to predict internet game addiction related to various factors, especially parent related factors. Results: From the data analyses, the prediction model for factors related to internet game addiction presented with 5 pathways. Causative factors included gender, type of school, siblings, economic status, religion, time spent alone, gaming place, payment to Internet cafe$\acute{e}$, frequency, duration, parent's ability to use internet, occupation (mother), trust (father), expectations regarding adolescent's study (mother), supervising (both parents), rearing attitude (both parents). Conclusion: The results suggest preventive and managerial nursing programs for specific groups by path. Use of this predictive model can expand the role of school nurses, not only in counseling addicted adolescents but also, in developing and carrying out programs with parents and approaching adolescents individually through databases and computer programming.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.176-186
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated the nutritional status of ethnic (belonging to minority groups) preschool children in Northern Thailand. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the sample group included 147 parents and 147 preschool children (2-6 years old). Participants volunteered to complete a questionnaire on the personal information of children and parents, as well as family- and school-related factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a nutritional status calculator, and logistic regression analysis. Results: A birth weight of less than 2,500 g was related to weight-for-age and weight-for-height. Not having been breastfed and having been breastfed for less than 6 months were related to weight-for-height. An elementary school education level among parents was related to children's height-for-age. Familial unhealthy food consumption for 1-2 days per week was related to weight-for-age and height-for-age. Conclusion: This study reflects the importance of nutritional care for children at the beginning of pregnancy and continuing to the preschool age, as well as the importance of breastfeeding. Families were found to be a key factor in supporting good nutrition among children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.552-559
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• 2013

This study is conducted in order to investigate the prevalence of vitamin mineral (VM) supplement use and its related factors among Korean adolescents. Using a cross-sectional study design, information was obtained by questionnaires from adolescents selected by stratified sampling in large, small and middle-size cities, as well as rural areas of the whole country, followed by convenience sampling. The total number of participants in this study was 1,407 adolescents ($15.2{\pm}1.6$ years) attending middle or high schools, chosen from various cities and rural areas in Korea. The prevalence of VM supplement use was 65.5%, and there was no significant difference between the genders. City dwellers took VM supplements more frequently than those adolescents from rural areas (p < 0.01). The VM supplement users tended to have higher family income, parents' academic background, and socioeconomic status, respectively (p < 0.001). The greater part of VM supplement users replied that they acquired their nutritional information from their parents, relatives and friends, while many nonusers replied that they did it from school classes (p < 0.05). Compared to nonusers, VM supplement users had greater 'self concern about health' (p < 0.05), 'parents' concern about child's health, growth, and nutritional intake' (p < 0.001), and 'parents' concern about child's grade point' (p < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between users and nonusers when it came to 'self perception of body shape' or 'BMI'. In addition, users significantly had greater nutritional beliefs concerning VM supplements than nonusers (p < 0.001). These results showed that VM supplement use has been common among adolescents in Korea, and supplement use of subjects has been related with various factors. Among them, it was shown that especially parents great influence the use of VM supplements by adolescents. Thus, not only education for adolescents, but also that for parents is needed to help adolescents take VM supplements properly.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was done to explore disease factors in children with epilepsy, parental factors and resource factors that are related to parenting stress and identify effects of each factor on parenting stress. Methods: Participants were 131 parents who had children who visited a hospital or were hospitalized due to epilepsy. Data collection was done between September 17 and November 17, 2012, and self-report surveys were used. Results: In Stepwise multiple regression analysis, factors influencing parenting stress in children with epilepsy were marital communication, educational background of parents, parenting efficacy, children's development delay, drug treatment and surgical treatment as a method of epilepsy treatment. These factors explained 34.6% (F=13.22, p<.001) of the variance in parenting stress. Conclusion: The findings indicate that parental factors (educational background of parents and parenting efficacy) and resource factors (marital communication) have higher explanatory power than disease factors of the children. Thus, it is importance to assess the capacity of parents through self-evaluation, and to assess barriers to marital communication when developing parenting stress intervention programs. Furthermore, both parents should be involved in interventions for parenting stress.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined whether the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy is affected by the functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors using an ICF-CY check list. Methods: This study recruited in 26 parents of children with cerebral palsy. The functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors of the children were evaluated using ICF-CY checklist. To measure the quality of life of parents, this study used world health organization quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), which was composed of a total of 26 questions. The GMFCS (gross motor function classification system) was used to assess the degree of disability in the children. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of the ICF-CY checklist on the quality of life. Correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between GMFCS and WHOQOL. Results: The functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors were significantly different from WHOQOL-BREF. On the other hand, the contextual factor showed a significant difference in the neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (b7), and service, systems, and policies (e5)(p<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that the functions and environmental factors affect the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, these findings suggest that contextual factors, such as neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (b7), and service, systems and policies (e5), which can be facilitators, should be considered for improving the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy.