• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.29-47
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of spousal attachment, spousal caregiving, and parental caregiving behaviors on children's parental representations. One hundred and fifteen preschoolers (72 boys and 43 girls, aged between 4-5 years old) and their fathers and mothers participated in this study. The instruments used were the MacArthur Story-Stem Battery (Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buchsbaum, Emde, and the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990), the Experiences in Close Relationships Scales (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998), the Caregiving Questionnaire (Kunce & Shaver, 1994), and the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 1991). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling analysis. In conclusion, parents' spousal attachment, spousal caregiving, and parental caregiving behaviors have influenced on children's parental representations.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.441-458
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• 2009

The present study compared the differences in mechanisms of caregiving stress, depression, parenting behaviors, stress-coping, and social support between caregiving grandmothers and the caregiving mothers. Three caregiving groups were compared; One hundred and fifty-two grandmothers rearing their grandchild as daytime care-giver (partial caregiving-grandmother group), 152 mothers who shared the responsibilities of caregiving the same child (partial caregiving-mother group), and another 157 mothers who rear their child as daytime care-giver (primary caregiving-mother group). Predictors of parental stress for these caregiving groups were also assessed. The results indicated that partial caregiving-grandmother group had more depressed than two mother groups, but there were no differences in parental stress among three caregiving groups. In addition, primary caregiving-mothers used more problem-focused coping strategies, and more social support than did partial caregiving-grandmothers. In parental behaviors, partial caregiving-grandmothers significantly had more laxness, less overactive than two mother groups. In the analysis of hierarchical regression, overactivity and depression were significant predictors of parental stress in partial caregiving-grandmothers. On the other hand, depression, social support, and overactivity were significant predictors of parental stress in partial caregiving-mothers. In primary caregiving-mothers, overactivity, depression, and emotion-focused coping were significant predictors of parental stress. We discussed the differences of the predictors in parental stress between grandmothers and mothers.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1029-1045
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• 2011

This study was conducted to identify the differences in parental caregiving consciousness according to the characteristics of women immigrants, and the variables affecting parental caregiving consciousness of women immigrants. The participants were 592 women immigrants sampled from a metropolis, three metropolitan cities, two cities and a county across the country. The major results of the study were as follows. First, there were significant differences in physical and economic caregiving consciousness of women immigrants according to residential area, family income, hope to support homeland parents, contact with homeland family, and participation in self-help meeting. And there were significant differences in emotional caregiving consciousness according to residential area, family income, living with parents, hope to support homeland parents, and participation in self-help meeting. Second, as the results of multiple regression analysis, the predictors of physical caregiving consciousness were age, residential area, family income, hope to support homeland parents, and contact with homeland family. But the predictors of economic caregiving consciousness were age, residential area, home country, difference in spouse's age, family income, hope to support homeland parents, and contact with homeland family. Finally, the predictors of emotional caregiving consciousness were residential area, family income, and hope to support homeland parents. The variable of hope to support homeland parents revealed the most influential variable affecting commonly all of the three types of caregiving consciousness.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-81
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• 2004

Although the relation of caregiving burden to well-being has been frequently examined, the effect of caregiving on marital quality has been virtually ignored. The current study explores the impact of parent care on the marriages of adult children by using a nationally representative longitudinal sample. It was hypothesized that parent care would negatively influence the marital quality of adult child caregivers, the effect of parent care would differ between women and men caregivers, and the nature of marital relationship variables would moderate or mediate the impact of care on marital quality. Overall, marital quality does not appear to suffer if caregiving load is light. However, the impact of parental caregiving on some dimensions of marital quality was conditioned by gender, gender role attitudes, and congruence between attitudes and behavior.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.83-94
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• 2017

Caregiving for the children seems to be one of the most challenging tasks for the parents who should devote themselves totally despite endangering them. From the evolutionary perspective, this human behavior must have been the advantage in the survival of the species and rooted in ethological origin. John Bowlby, a child psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and great developmental researcher, had formulated the attachment theory linking psychoanalysis and ethology through evolutionary biology. His and later following researchers' outcomes have provided enormous influence on viewing parental caregiving and the insight of human relationships and interventions. This article overviews the attachment theory in terms of the goal oriented cybernetic system to gain the survival advantage of the offspring and investigates the evolutionary origin of the caregiving and attachment from the retiles of the Mesozoic era to the mammalian revolution and finally to the human being. Deeper understanding of the nurturance and adult relationships from the standpoint of evolution can provide clinical utility of awareness of clients' lives.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between a flexible parental visiting environment and parental stress in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Methods: The study participants included 60 parents of premature infants in NICUs. Structured questionnaires and interviews, as well as observations by researchers using a caregiving behavior checklist, were used to measure the flexibility of the parental visiting environment and parents' stress levels. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently and were initially analyzed as separate data sets. Data collection extended from March 11, 2018 to June 30. 2018 and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: There was a negative correlation (r=-.30, p=.021) between parental stress and the total number of visits in 7 days. We also found that the average duration of each visit and the number of caregiving behaviors performed by parents were positively correlated (r=.73, p<.001). Conclusion: When designing a flexible visiting environment for parents, parents should be encouraged to visit their babies. By doing so, stress can be reduced both for babies and for parents. Therefore, it is suggested that the related polices and regulations in South Korea should be changed to provide more a flexible visiting environment to promote better parent-child attachment and family adjustment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.61-75
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• 2007

This paper examines the intergenerational time transfers between married women and their co-residing elderly parents, and how they affect married women's labor force participation and work hour. The sample was drawn from the "2004 Time Use Survey" conducted by Korea National Statistical Office and the Heckman's 2-step model was estimated to examine these relationships. We find that women's caregiving time for their elderly parents reduces their likelihood of participating in the labor force. On the contrary, parental time transfers for married women increases the probability of their labor force participation. We find no evidence that the actual hours of paid work is related to the time transfers between married women and their elderly parents. In other words, after married women decide to participate in the labor force, their work hours are not affected by the time spent for parents and time gained from parents to them. Parental income is positively associated with the married women's labor force participation whereas husband's income is negatively related. The married women working in service occupation and earn salaries work longer hours than those employed as laborer and wage workers. Having older parents and owning the second home reduce working hours of married women.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.83-102
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• 2010

This paper investigates whether intra-household bargaining power affects couples' caregiving decisions during instances of competing parental demands for assistance. The primary focus is on examining how partners' bargaining power influences the relative allocation of time resources between parents and parents-in-law, assuming that children prefer to transfer caregiving resources toward their own parents over their parents-in-law. The findings in this study reject the bargaining theory that couple's parental care behavior results from a bargaining process between the husband and the wife. More specifically, the results did not clearly show that children prefer to transfer caregiving resources toward their own parents over their parents-in-law. Decision-making power, measured by final decision-making authority, also failed to affect the relative care transfers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.12 s.142
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• pp.79-89
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop the generative fathering scale to measure fathers' active involvement of parenting. Subjects were 188 fathers of early childhood from Jeonju. To begin with, the concept of generative fathering was discussed in the theoretical review, and then the measurement was comprised of two dimensions(the parental involvement of fathers and paternal responsibility) The parental involvement of fathers : thirty of 37 items were selected through the item analysis, and that 30 items were analyzed by factor analysis. The result of factor analysis indicated that the parental involvement of fathers comprised of three factors(developmental support, caregiving and monitoring, shared activities). paternal responsibility : this was analyzed through the same process above, two factors(responsibility as a resource provider and responsibility as a child-rearing)were extracted by factor analysis. The construct validity was supported and the internal consistency of this two sub-scale appeared to be at an acceptable level, and were considered to be useful way to measure generative fathering.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.87-105
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with instrumental support (i.e., economic and practical support) from parents to their adult children. We examined both parents' attitudes toward instrumental support for adult children and parents' actual provision of instrumental support. From the data of the 2010 second National Survey of Korean Families, we selected 532 mothers and 524 fathers who were married and had at least one adult child aged over 25. Multiple regression analyses by the parents' gender showed that fathers were more likely to agree with instrumental support for adult children in general when they had unmarried children, had a lower household income level, had a lower evaluation of their socio-economic class, were satisfied with their own household economic situation, had positive attitudes toward caregiving for elderly parents, and were satisfied with their couple relationships. For mothers, they were more likely to agree with instrumental support for adult children in general when they had positive attitudes toward caregiving for elderly parents, were satisfied with their couple relationships, and perceived their child as someone to rely on in times of difficulties. Our analyses of the actual provision of support indicated that fathers tended to provide more support when they perceived that they were healthy, had unmarried children, were less satisfied with their household economic situation, had negative attitudes toward child-rearing, and reported a higher quality of parent-child relationship. For mothers, they were more likely to provide actual support when they were healthy, had unmarried children, had a higher level of household income, were financially preparing for later life, and less satisfied with their couple relationships. The findings of this study imply that it is imperative to distinguish the attitudes toward support from the actual provision of support and to also consider parents' gender in the literature on instrumental support for adult children.