• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2017

Type1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is generally known to be caused by destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic ${\beta}$ cells or an immune-related problem. Polydipsia is a representative symptom of DM, and it has been reported that this condition is closely related to xerostomia and is considered that hyposalivation from the salivary gland results in this phenomenon. Although various studies have reported that induction of diabetes reduces endogenous stem cells in other organs (heart, brain etc.), diabetes-related changes in endogenous stem cells in the salivary gland have not yet been well established. Therefore, in this study, to verify the change in salivary gland stem cells after diabetes, salivary gland tissues in the control and diabetes-induced groups were processed by histochemistry (Masson's trichrome staining) for morphological analysis, TUNEL assay for cell death, and immunohistochemistry (Ki-67 and c-Kit) for cell proliferation and maturation. Diabetes induced by STZ leads to vacuolization, apoptosis, and reduction in proliferating cells/salivary gland stem cells in salivary glands of rats. This result suggests that diabetes may be associated with reduction in salivary gland function such as degeneration and inhibition of regeneration in the salivary gland.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2008

The sphingolipid metabolites act as lipid mediator for cell proliferation and apoptosis in mammalian cells. In bacteria, sphingolipid metabolism remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sphingolipid metabolism is potential target for fumonisin $B_1$($FB_1$) and desipramine in Sphingomonas chungbukensis, Gram-negative bacteria, by comparing the intracellular contents of bacterial sphingolipids with ones of HIT-T15 ${\beta}$-cells, hamster pancreatic cells. The concentrations of ceramide and dihydroceramide were 18.0 ${\pm}$ 12.0 and 0.025 ${\pm}$ 0.018 nmol/mg protein, respectively, in HIT-T15 cells. However, the concentrations of ceramide and dihydroceramide in the bacterial culture were 2.0 ${\pm}$ 1.2 and 10.6 ${\pm}$ 5.5 nmol/mg protein, respectively. $FB_1$ decreased the level of ceramide from 18.0 to 3.8 nmol/mg protein in HIT-T15 ${\beta}$-cells. However, dihydroceramide content in $FB_1$-treated HIT-T15 cells was slightly decreased compared with the control culture. When S. chungbukensis was treated with either $FB_1$ or desipramine, dihydroceramide level was increased by 5- and 4-fold, respectively, compared with the control bacteria. These results indicate that $FB_1$ and desipramine may act as an activator in bacterial sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, and bacterial sphingolipid metabolism pathway appears to be different from the pathway of mammalian cells.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells resulting in insulin deficiency. The genetic determinants of T1D susceptibility have been linked to several loci, in particular to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, which accounts for 50% of the genetic risk of developing T1D. Multiple genes in the HLA region, which are in strong linkage disequilibrium, are thought to be involved. Another important locus, with a smaller effect on genetic predisposition to T1D, is the insulin gene. The advent of numerous single nucleotide polymorphism markers and genome screening has enabled the identification of dozens of new T1D susceptibility loci. Some of them appear to predispose to T1D independently of the HLA and may be important in families with T1D who lack strong HLA susceptibility. Other loci may interact with each other to cause susceptibility. The autoimmune response against ${\beta}$-cells can also be triggered by environmental factors in the presence of a predisposing genetic background. Deciphering the environmental and genetic factors involved should help to understand the origin of T1D and aid in the design of individualized prevention programs.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.69-70
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• 2006

Purpose: Panaxadiols are more potent than panaxatriols as far as insulin secretory activity is concerned. In this study, we examined insulin secretory activity and mechanism of compound K (CK), a major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides. Method: Insulin secretory activity of CK was examined using pancreatic beta cells and in Oral Glucose Tolerance Test assay. In addition, insulin secretory mechanism was studied in terms of calcium dependent or independent pathways. Results: In vitro, CK enhanced the insulin secretion concentration-dependently when compared to glucose-stimulated control cells. Insulin secretory mechanism of CK seems to block ATP sensitive K channels, which was confirmed by diazoxide (K channel opener) but, insulin resistance ameliorating activity of CK can't be ruled out. In vivo, CK showed hypoglycemic effect in OGTT.

• CELLMED
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.10
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• 2017

Minerals are individual of the components of foods and are not produced in the body but essential for best possible health. Several essential metals are vital for the appropriate performance of various enzymes, transcriptional factors and proteins that are essential in various biochemical paths. Metals like zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) are cofactors of hundreds of enzymes. Zn is involved in the synthesis and secretion of insulin from the pancreatic ${\beta}-cells$. Chromium (Cr) increases the insulin receptors activity on target tissues, mainly in muscle cells. Insulin hormone is required to maintain the blood glucose amount in normal range. Continual increase of blood serum glucose level leads to marked chronic hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus. Deficiency of insulin or its resistance, blood glucose level exceeds the upper limit of the common range of 126 mg/dl. Poor glucose control and diabetes changes the levels of essential trace elements such as Zn, Mg, Mn, Cr, iron etc. by rising urinary excretion and their related decrease in the blood. The aim of this article to discusses the important roles of essential trace elements in particular perspective of type 2 diabetes.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.363-374
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics or the potassium channels existing in the rat urinary bladders. Smooth muscle strips of rat detrusor urinae were examined by isometric myography. Relaxation responses of detrusor muscle strips to the three potassium channel openers pinacidil, a cyanoguanidine derivative, BRL 38227, a benzopyran derivative and RP 52891, a tertrahydrothiopyran derivative were examined. The potassium channel openers reduced the basal tone, and the rank order of potency was RP 52891>pincidil>BRL 38227. Procaine, an inhibitor of the voltage-sensitive potassium channel tended to increase the basal tone, but it did not affect the relaxant effects of the calcium-activated potassium channel opener did not antagonize the relaxant effects, but it reduced the Emax of RP 52891 and BRL 38227. Glibenclamide, an inhibitor of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, antagonized the relaxant effects of pinacidil, RP 52891 and BRL 38227 reducing the Emax of RP 52891 and BRl 38227. Galanin which inhibits secretion of insulin through opening the ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells rather increased the basal tone of the isolated detrusor strips. These results suggest that the urinary bladder of the rat has mainly the ATP-sensitive, glibenclamide sensitive potassium channel, which is a different type from that in the pancreatic ${\beta}$-islet cells..

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.817-820
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• 2010

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by extreme insulin deficiency due to an overall reduction in the mass of functional pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells. Several animal models have been used to study T1DM. Amongst these, the mini-pig seems to be the most ideal model for diabetes research, owing to similarities with humans in anatomy and physiology. The purpose of this study was to analyze differentially expressed pancreatic proteins in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mini-pig T1DM model. Pancreas proteins from mini-pigs treated with STZ were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and 11 protein spots were found to be altered significantly when compared with control mini-pigs. The data in this study utilizing proteomic analysis provide a valuable resource for the further understanding of the T1DM pathomechanism.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1973

The blood glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin(IRI) levels were measured glucose tolerance test in 7 healthy subjects and 6 patients with chronic liver diseases. The glucose tolerance was impaired in 5 of the 6 patients and normal in 1. Plasma IRI responses were markedly increased and delayed in all patients, suggesting insulin resistance. Patients with more glucose intolerance showed less increase in plasma IRI than the group with less intolerance. It is suggested that some insulin antagonists may decrease the peripheral insulin sensitivity and stimulate compensatory hyperactivity of pancreatic islets. If the compensatory hyperactivity is inadequate due to genetic predisposition to diabetes mellitus or exhaustion of ${\beta}$-cells of pancreatic islsts, the glucose intolerance and overt diabetes mellitus may ensue.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.441-446
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• 1996

The Schizonepeta tenuifolia spikes (STS) have been used as a traditional folk medicine for antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-spasmodic purpose in Korea. Phytosterols (mixture of campesterol 3.68%, stigmasterol 2.30% and ${\beta}$-sitosterol 94.02%) and hesperidin were isolated by chromatography from ether and n-BuOH fractions of STS respectively. These compounds significantly reduced the blood glucose level and lessened the loss of body weight and water consumption dose-dependently when administered at a i.p. doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 4 days after the i.v. injection of streptozotocin (I 80 mg/kg). In the morphologic study, these compounds showed protective activity on the pancreatic islets, especially .betha.-cells, from the degenerative changes by streptozotocin.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.509-516
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• 2017

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. sprouts (PFS) is a plant of the labiatae family. The purpose of this work was to assess the preventive effects of PFS ethanolic extracts (PFSEs) on cytokine-induced ${\beta}$-cell damage. Cytokines, which are released by the infiltration of inflammatory cells around the pancreatic islets, are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The combination of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-1), interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$), and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulation of intracellular ROS led to ${\beta}$-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. PFSEs possess antioxidant activity and thus lead to downregulation of ROS generation. Cytokines decrease cell viability, stimulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and induce the production of nitric oxide (NO). PFSEs prevented cytokine-induced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation with PFSE resulted in significant reduction in cytokine-induced NO production that correlated with reduced levels of the iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Furthermore, PFSE significantly decreased the activation of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) by inhibition of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation in RINm5F cells. In summary, our results suggest that the protective effects of PFSE might serve to counteract cytokine-induced ${\beta}$-cell destruction. Findings indicate that consumption of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. sprouts alleviates hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced ${\beta}$-cell damage and thus has beneficial anti-diabetic effects.