• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1979

'77/'78맥작기간 영남지방(嶺南地方)에서 발생(發生)한 맥류불임현상의 원인(原因)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 이것과 관련(關聯)되는 몇가지 환경요인(環境要因)을 조사(調査)해 본 결과(結果). 1. 기상상태(氣象狀態)는 특(特)히 보리의 주요생육시기(主要生育時期)에 해당(該當)되는 감수분열기(減數分裂期) 및 출수기경(出穗期頃)에 심(甚)한 조발(早魃)과 저온(低溫)이 내습(來襲)하였다. 2. 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)은 전작(田作)보다 답리작(畓裏作)에서, 표토(表土)보다 심토(深土)에서 많았으며, 사토(砂土)보다는 식토(埴土)가 많았고, 남향(南向)보다 북향(北向)으로 된 경사지(傾斜地)에서 많은 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 입지조건(立地條件)에 따른 보리이삭의 불임율(不稔率)은 답리(畓裏)이 전작(田作)보다 낮았고, 비상지(扉狀地) 및 평탄지(平坦地)는 구릉지(丘陵地), 산록경사지(山麓傾斜地)보다 낮았고, 남향(南向)보다 북향(北向)으로 된 경사지(傾斜地)가 낮은 편(便)이었다. 4. 경지(耕地)의 토성별(土性別) 불임율(不稔率)은 사토(砂土)에서 높았고, 식토(埴土)에서 낮았으며 작토호(作土戶) 및 유효토심이 얕을수록 높은 경향(傾向)이었다. 5. 답리작(畓裏作), 전작(田作) 다같이 표토(表土) 및 심토(深土)의 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)과 보리이삭의 불임율(不稔率)과는 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定)되었다. 6. 따라서 맥수 생식생장기간(生殖生長期間)의 주요시기(主要時期)에 수분부족(水分不足)은 수(穗)의 불임발생(不稔發生)의 주요원인(主要原因)으로 인정(認定)되었고, 이와함께 극심(極甚)한 저온(低溫)은 불임발생(不稔發生)을 더욱 조장(助長)하는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.321-326
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• 1987

황(黃)의 시비체계(施肥體系)에 대(對)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 경북도내(慶北道內)의 마늘재배지(栽培地) 답(畓)과 전토양(田土壤)을 표토(表土)와 심토(心土)로 구분(區分)하여 이화학적(理化學的) 성질(性質) 및 이들과 $SO_4{^{-2}}$ 함량(含量)과의 상관관계(相關關係)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)하였다. 토양중(土壤中)의 $SO_4{^{-2}}$ 평균함량(平均含量)은 표토(表土) 및 심토(心土)에서 각각(各各) 답토양(畓土壤)의 경우 72.1 및 45.1ppm, 전토양(田土壤)의 경우 53.1 및 19.5ppm이었다. 답토양(畓土壤)의 경우 $SO_4{^{-2}}$ 함량(含量)은 표토(表土)에서 유기물(有機物), 전질소(全窒素) 및 치환성(置換性) 가리함량(加里含量)(1%) 치환성(置換性) Ca 및 Mg의 함량(含量)(5%), 심토(心土)에서 치환성(置換性) Ca, Mg, 및 Fe의 함량(含量)(1%), 전질소함량(全窒素含量)(5%)과 각각(各各) 정(正)의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 전토양(田土壤)의 경우 $SO_4{^{-2}}$ 함량(含量)은 표토(表土)에서 유기물(有機物) 및 전질소함량(全窒素含量)(5%)과는 정(正)의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었으나, 그 외의 화학성(化學性)과는 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되지 않았다. $Ca^{{+}{+}}$과 $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ 함량(含量)은 토심(土深)이 깊어질수록 증가(增加)하였지만, $K^+$ 함량(含量)은 표토(表土)에 비(比)하여 토심(土深)이 깊어질수록 급격히 감소(減少)하였다. $SO_4{^{-2}}$는 1m 깊이 까지는 많은 양(量)이 존재(存在)하였으나, 유효인산(有效燐酸)은 표토(表土)에 비(比)하여 토심(土深)이 깊어질수록, 급격히 감소(減少)하였으며 토심(土深) 60cm 이상에서는 극미량(極微量)의 유효인산(有效燐酸)만이 존재(存在)하였다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.337-337
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• 2017

Accurate and optimal water supply to cereal crop is critical in growing stalks and producing maximum yields. Excessive soil moisture may cause nutrient deficiencies and oxygen deficiency. Excessive soil water during crop growth stages results in decrease of yields. In Korea, the largest agricultural lands are paddy fields. Recently, upland crops are cultivated in paddy field soils to reduce overproduced rice in Korea. In order to success this policy, it is necessary to fully understand crop response to excessive soil moisture condition from paddy field soils. Adzuki bean is one of major legumes which provide protein in daily diet. Adzuki bean has been well know its weakness to excessive soil moisture condition, In order to obtain optimal yields of adzuki bean from paddy field cultivation, it is necessary to understand response of adzuki bean under different soil moisture conditions. This study investigated characteristics of growths, yields and response degree of water stress from adzuki bean. Three cultivars were selected for this study; Chungju, Hongeon, and Arari. All adzuki beans were cultivated in a paddy field which was divided into three sections with different soil moistures. The paddy field was located in Milyang, Gyeongsangnam during 2016. One section of the paddy field had the greatest average soil moisture content as 35.1% during adzuki bean cultivation (very poor). The second greatest soil moisture section had 32.6% (somewhat poor) and the smallest soil moisture section had 28.9% of soil moisture (somewhat well). During cultivation of three cultivar adzuki beans, soil moisture contents and groundwater levels were monitored. All the characteristics of growth and yield components were measured; height, thickness, 100 seed weights etc. Stress index values were calculated by Stress Day Index (SDI). All cultivars had the greatest yields from somewhat well section. Chungju had the greatest yields throughout all three sections compared to other cultivars. Chungju had 81% greater yield than Hongeon which had the smallest yield from somewhat well section. Arari set in middle from all sections. However there was no significant differences yields from very poor and somewhat poor sections. Leaf SPAD values tended to decrease and stable carbon isotope values increased as soil moisture increased. However, Chungju had no difference across different soil moistures in SPAD and stable carbon isotope values, while Hongeon had the greatest differences across sections. These trends followed by SDI values. Chungju had the smallest SDI values compared to other cultivars, which meant that Chungju was the strongest tolerance against excessive soil moisture than other cultivars. All three cultivars showed severe decrease of yields from very poor and somewhat poor sections. Arari and Hongeon showed great decrease from somewhat well section compared to yields from upland soil. These two cultivars may not be proper cultivating in paddy fields. In conclusion, adzuki bean is very sensitive to soil moisture condition and detailed soil managements are required to obtain optimal yields of adzuki bean from paddy field cultivation.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.190-198
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• 2008

토양환경보전법(1996)에 의해 농경지의 중금속 함량에 대한 토양오염 우려 및 대책기준과 2000년 식품의약품안전청 고시에 따른 쌀의 카드뮴 함량의 허용기준 0.2 mg/kg의 설정으로 인하여 우리나라 논토양과 이들 포장에서 생산되는 쌀의 중금속 함량에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 농촌진흥청은 전국 도 농업기술원과 공동으로 전국 논토양의 중금속 함량의 현황과 장기적인 변화양상을 파악하기 위하여 1999년부터 4년 1주기로 모니터링 사업을 수행하고 있으며 3주기의 조사 결과를 검토하였다. 2007년에 조사한 전국 논토양 2,010 지점의 비소, 카드뮴, 구리, 니켈, 납, 아연의 평균함량은 각각 0.87, 0.08, 3.33, 1.19, 4.95 and $4.67mg\;kg^{-1}$이었고, 조사 논토양의 몇 지점을 제외하고는 토양오염 우려기준을 초과하지 않았다. 비소의 경우 2003년 및 2007년 조사에서 니켈의 경우 1999년과 2007년 조사에서 토양오염 우려기준 초과지점을 확인할 수 있었다. 장기적인 변화에서는 비소, 니켈, 아연이 증가하는 경향이었으나, 카드뮴과 구리의 함량은 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 납의 함량은 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 또한, 토양내 침출성 중금속의 함량별 분포양상은 중금속별로 최빈수가 토양내 평균함량과 유사하였다. 구리를 제외한 모든 논토양의 중금속 함량의 평균값이 중간값보다 높음으로 논토양의 중금속이 정규분포보다 하향으로 편중된 분포를 보였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 1996

Silage comkv, suwwn 19). sorghum $\times$ sudangrass(p. 988) and winter ryeNaton) were cultivated on imperfectly drained paddy field under two different draining methods, subsurface darinage by PVC pipes and open ditsched surface drainage. The crops were harvested at the stage of hard dough for corn and soft dough for wrghum and rye. The soil physical properties. soil colors. soil structure and soil wetness were improved in the subsurface drainage. Gravitational water table occured depth in 110 cm(dry season)~75cm(rain season). In soil profile description, yellowish brown with yellowish red mottles and well developed granular structure were found in the surface A horizon. The portion of solid phase in subsoils(B horizon) was reduced from 48.6%(undrained) to 43.7 %. A blocky structure with dark gray to gray were described in the open ditsched surface drainage. Severe wet depression of the crops was observed due to it's higher moisture contents, where the gravitational water occured depth in 25~37cm during the rainy season. The chemical properties of paddy soils were less affected by drainage methods. The concentration of available phosphate. organic matter and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were decreased in the subsurface drained soils. The annual dry matter yields of com-rye cropping were 17.8 ton in the undrained, 21.6 ton in the open ditsch drainage and 35.9 ton/ha in the subsurface drainage.

• 농촌계획
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.26-40
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• 2002

In order to plan the effective irrigation project in unripened reclaimed paddy fields, the estimation of criteria of irrigation water requirements for the normal growth of crops is very important. This study was carried out to determine the leaching requirements before cultivating crops, the consumptive use of water by the growth of crops, and preventive water requirements of resalinization during the growth period in unripened reclaimed paddy fields. The irrigation water requirements in good permeable soils were estimated as 2,530mm for culvert treatment(S1CW3) and 3,080mm for non-culvert treatment(S1NW4), which were 1.8 times and 2.4 times as high as the irrigation water requirements in common rice fields, respectively. And, in case of poor permeable soils, 3,360mm for culvert treatment(S2CW4) and 3.580mm for non-culvert treatment(S2NW4) were estimated, which were 2.5 times and 2.8 times higher than the normal irrigation water requirements, respectively.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2011년도 30주년 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.128-135
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• 2011

Consortia demonstrated the high capacities of anaerobic degradation of various aromatic compounds, which were successfully enriched from gley paddy soils under different conditions. Phenol and cresol was decomposed anaerobically using nitrate, ferric oxide or sulfate as electron acceptors. Biphenyl was degraded to $CO_2$, especially without addition of external electron acceptor. Alkylphenols with middle length of alkyl chain, were co-metaboliocally degraded with the presence of hydroxylbenzoate as the co-substrate under nitrate reducing conditions. The microorganisms responsible for the anaerobic co-metabolism was Thauera sp. Reductive dechlorination activity was also observed for polychlorophenols, fthalide, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins with the presence of lactate, formate or $H_2$ as electron donor. The fthalide dechlorinator was classified as Dehalobacter sp. Coupling of two physiologically-distinct anaerobic consortia, aromatic ring degrader and reductive dechlorinator, resulted in the mineralization of pentachlorophenol under anaerobic conditions. These results suggested that gley paddy soils harbored anaerobic microbial community with versatile capacity degrading aromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2016

There have been only a few studies focused on the stabilization of metal (loid)s in anaerobic soils such as paddy soils. In this study, laboratory-scale column tests were conducted to artificially manipulate anoxic conditions in submerged paddy fields and we observed the release behavior of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn, as well as to examine the stabilization effect of steel refining slag (SRS) on the metal(loid)s. The leachate samples were collected and chemical parameters were monitored during the test period. Results suggest that anoxic conditions were developed during submersion, and that As or heavy metals (particularly Cd) fractions bound to ferrous (Fe) /manganese (Mn) oxides were easily dissociated. Moreover, As is also reduced by itself to a trivalent form with higher mobility in the reducing environment of rice paddy soil. However, it was also shown that SRS significantly decreased the dissolution of Zn, Pb, Cd, and As in the the leachates; their removal rates in the SRS-treated soil were 66 %, 45 %, 24 %, and 84 %, respectively, of those in the control soil.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2018

This study was carried out to review and compare crop cultivations upon chemical properties of paddy soil and qualitative characteristics of rice in Sejong-city from a point of view of farming extension to rice farmers and to utilize the result of the study as a basic guideline for precise agricultural practice. The pH in soils of Sejong was about 6.1-6.6 and had no difference with an average pH of paddy soils in Chung-Nam with pH 6.1. However, the average of organic matter, calcium (Ca) and available silicate in Sejong was lower than the average of them in Chung-Nam. The yields of rice were higher in 2010 than in 2011 and 2012, and the protein contents of rice were the highest in 2011 while the lowest water contents of rice in 2011. The protein contents upon regions were the highest in 2011 with 6.1%, and the amylose contents were the highest in Yeondong-myun, Jeoneu-myun, and Yeonseo-myun in 2010 while Kumnam-myun and Jeondong-myun were the highest in 2012. With the increase of precipitation, the protein content level in rice was increased while the amylose content level tended to decrease. Correlations between the chemical properties of paddy soil and the quality of rice and between level of organic matter in soil and amylose contents were negative (r = -0.507), and the correlation between the moisture contents and amylose contents (r = 0.419) and between the water contents and whiteness (r = 0.485) were positive. Because the quantity and quality of rice yield is determined by the soil characteristics, the consultation to farmers for the proactive soil analysis and for the maintenance of stable level of pH, organic matter and available silicate based on historical results of analysis is highly recommended. Also, the analysis on the effect of the weather and the soil characteristics affecting the quality and quantity of rice would be another good way.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1982

한국의 논에서 나타나는 토양균류상을 서울근방 두곳 즉 역곡동과 신월동에서 4계절을 통해 채취한 토양표본을 희석평판배지법에 의해 분리했다. 총 85개 순수배양균을 분리했고, 그중 13속, 30종을 동정했다. 동정된 30종중 6종은 불완전 균류로 한국에서 처음으로 이 논문에 기재하였다. 불완전균류중 논토양에 많이 분포되어 있는 것은 대부분이 Penicillium 속이다 그 중 한국에서 처음으로 나타난 종류로는 Penicillium funiculosum, P. piceum, P. roqueforti 그리고 P. verruculosum 등이었다. P. piceum의 경우는 가문비나무같은 상록수와 유사한 전형적인 원추형 분생자루가 현저한 특징을 나타낸다. P. roqueforti는 penicilli가 부정형으로, 빽백하게 분기된 metulae와 밀착 또는 분산상의 phialide를 가지며 stipes는 두텁고 많은 입자를 가진 벽을 형성하고 있다. 그외 Cladosporium cladosporioides, Paecilomyces variotii도 분리되었으며, Zygomycete 중에서는 Zygorhynchus moelleri가 가장 우세하게 분포되어 있는 종으로써 난형 Columella를 가지고 있는 아구형포자낭과 직경 $35\mu\textrm{m}$의 암색인 접합포자를 형성한다.