• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 1995

In pressure cooling system, produce were packed in vented box and cooled rapidly by producing a difference in air pressure on opposite faces of stacks of vented box. So, energy requirements and performance of pressure cooling system depended upon the air flow rate and the static pressure drop through packed produce in vented box. The static pressure drop across packed produce in vented box normally depended upon air flow rate, vent area of box and conditions of produce bed (depth, porosity, stacking patterns, size and shape of products) in box. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of vent area and air flow rate on airflow resistance of empty box and packed produce in vented box, and to investigate the relationship between the air flow resistance of packed products in vented box and sum of air flow resistance of empty box only and products in bulk only. Mandarins and tomatoes were used in the experiment. The airflow rate were in the range of 0.02~1.0$m^3$/s.$m^2$, the opening ratio of vent hole were in the range of 2.5~20% of the side area. The results were summerized as follows. 1. The pressure drops across vented box increased in proportion to superficial air velocity and decreased in proportion to opening ratio of vent hole. A regression equation to calculate airflow resistance of vented box was derived as a function of superficial air velocity and opening ratio of vent hole. 2. The pressure drops across packed produce in vented box increased in proportion to superficial air velocity and decreased in proportion to opening ratio of vent hole. 3. Because of the air velocity increase in the vicinity of vent hole in box, the airflow resistances of packed products in vented box were always higher than sum of air flow resistance of empty box only and products in bulk only. 4. Based on the airflow resistance of empty box and products in bulk, a regression equation to calculate airflow resistance of packed products in vented box was derived.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.238-241
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• 1989

Double wall corrugated paperboard box are almost used for package of agricultural and fishery products in Korea. Flaps of the double wall corrugated paperboard box are consist of the three linerboard and two corrugating medium. But these flaps which are not affected to the compression strength for storage and distribution results in the reasonable cost-up of the packed box. Compared the strengths and economical evaluations between double wall and single wall corrugated paperboard box results as follows. Compression strength of single wall box is higher 49.3% to 98.0% than that of the double wall corrugated paperboard box and its cost are down 5% to 8%. Effect of the cost down on the saving materials of flap and corrugating medium is 13.9%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2021

Agricultural corrugated fiberboard packaging boxes frequently experience damage due to loading and unloading, vibration during transport, and shock by dynamic distribution condition change. This study was carried out to estimate effect of vibration during distribution process on compression strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes for agricultural products. In order to identify the degradation caused by vibration, after box packaging the agricultural products(tangerine or cucumber), the natural frequencies of the packaging boxes were measured by varying the relative humidity(50, 70 and 90%) at 25℃ temperature. Various types of corrugated fiberboard boxes were packed with tangerines and cucumbers, and the PSD plot vibration tests were conducted by utilizing the actual vibration recording results of the Gyeongbu Expressway section between Seoul and Gimcheon. As a result of the experiment, the decrease in compression strength of the box was relatively low in DW-AB, and the decrease in compression strength of the SW-A 0201(RSC) type box was the highest at 20.49%. In particular, both SW-A and DW-AB showed low compression strength degradation rates for open folder type boxes. The moisture content varies depending on the type of the box or agricultural products, and the enclosed 0201(RSC) type box was generally higher than the open folder or bliss type box, which is believed to be the reason for the decrease in compression strength of RSC type box due to humidity. By the agricultural product, the percentage of decrease in compression strength of box packed with cucumbers was especially high.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.151-159
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• 2012

This paper analyzes the consumers' preference for packaged apple and derives the measures to vitalize the distribution of packaged apple. To do this, survey was conducted for consumers in large cities, Seoul, Busan, and Daegu to observe their purchasing behavior and satisfaction both for packaged and unpackaged apple. Survey was focused to how they are satisfied with several attributes of package such as size, appearance, content, material, and label. On the basis of the survey results, the values of the package attributes were estimated. Survey results show that consumers tend to buy unpackaged apple rather than packaged apple. About 34 percent out of 313 respondents have ever purchased apple packed with paper box while only 10.5 percent have an experience to buy packaged apple with transparent box. Most respondents answered they preferred the package of five to six apples and 1.3 kilograms most. They preferred mid or large size apple. Estimation of the values of the package attributes using the conjoint analysis shows that consumers are giving the highest value to the price of packing material. It means that consumers are reluctant to the extra payment resulted from packing the apple. Therefore, the efforts to reduce the cost of packing apple should be made steadily. In order to vitalize the distribution of small packaged apple, the package should contain high quality apple with high sugar content, proper size, good appearance, and so on. And it needs to be promoted to the consumers that small packaged apple are not inferior to apple packed with paper box.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.391-398
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• 2002

During handling unitized products, they are subjected to a variety of environmental hazards. Shock and vibration hazards are generally considered the most damaging of the environmental hazards on a product and it may encounter while passing through the distribution environment. A major cause of shock damage to products is drops during manual handling. The increasing use of unitization of pallets has been resulted in a reduction of the shock hazards. This has caused an increasing interest in research focused on vibration caused dam age. Damage to the product by the vibration most often occurs when a product or a product component has a natural frequency that falls within the range of the forcing frequencies of the particular mode of transportation being used. Transportation vibration is also a major cause of fruit and vegetable quality loss due to mechanical damage. This study was conducted to determine the vibration characteristics of the corrugated fiberboard bones for packages of pears, and to investigate the degree of vibration injury of the pears in the boxes during the simulated transportation environment. The vibration tests were performed on an electrohydraulic vibration exciter. The input acceleration to exciter was fixed at 0.25 G for a single container resonance test and 0.5 G for the vertical stacked container over the frequency range from 3 to 100 Hz. Function generator (HP-33120A) was connected by wire to the vibration exciter for controlling the input acceleration at a continuous logarithmic sweep rate of 1.0 octave per min. The peak frequency and acceleration on the single box test were 22.02 Hz, 1.5425 G respectively, and these values on the vertical stacked boxes were observed from the bottom box 19.02, 18.14, 16.62 and 15.40 Hz and 2.2987, 3.7654. 5.6087, and 7.9582 G, respectively. The pear in the bottom box had a slightly higher damage level than the fruit packed in the other stacked boxes. It is desirable that the package and transportation system has to be so designed that 15∼20 Hz frequency will not occur during the transportation environment.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2012

It is possible to use pallet for forwarding as chinese cabbages and radishes are general large-scale trading items at the agricultural wholesale market though, however, most of these are forwarded as it have packed in net bags or in P·E bags. Thus, it is still hard for palletizing. The type of packing the product in the net bag makes it difficult for palletizing. It is not a stable shape enough and easily collapsed for pallet loading. Because of this collapsibility, the corrugated cardboard box is being used to enhance forwarding efficiency, but the existing corrugated cardboard box could be crushed easily by moist what is from the agricultural product's property and it also could be squashed by the mass of the loaded box layers on itself. In contrary, the functional waterproof corrugated cardboard box is not collapsed through palletizing and it is efficient for product management with it's ventilation function in respond to pre-cooling effect. Furthermore, because it has various functional shapes as the open type, the partition type and so on, it is effective for maintaining freshness of the product and standardizing the distribution of agricultural product. It is well-known that it is possible to introduce this box to cargo-works of agricultural product. Consequently, the recognition of main distributors about the pallet distribution of the chinese cabbage and the radish was apprehended in this study for activating mechanization of loading and unloading. The survey was conducted to the main distributors such as the forwarder, the auction dealer and the commission merchant with Garak-dong wholesale market as the center. The appropriate packing materials and problems of the existing method for loading and unloading were derived through the survey. Especially, it was focused on analyzing the difference of recognition between the subject groups for the way of using waterproof cardboard corrugated box to deal with the difficult product for packing in normal corrugated box because of the box's absorption of moist from the agricultural product like a chinese cabbage and a radish. Total In the cases of the forwarders and the commission merchants, the net was highly responded as 45%, 74% from each groups for the best packing material for mechanization of distribution and the waterproof corrugated cardboard box was responded as 20%, 22% from each groups as much preferable than multi-stage wooden box. However, for the radish, the waterproof corrugated cardboard box was the best material as 56%, and the auction trader group supported it for 80%. So, the using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box for mechanization of distribution was negative for the chinese cabbage, but it was positive for the radish. The average was 2.42, the standard deviation was 1.24. The negative response(about 55%) was prevailing more than positive response(about 23%). It could be analyzed that even there was the positive recognition for using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box for the radish though the preference for low price of net bag in the chinese cabbage forwarding procedure. Still now, it seems that is a burden for using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box with high price. In the analysis on the recognition differences about using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box for the chinese cabbages and the radish between the forwarders and the commission merchants, generally the negative recognition was prevailing, but the forwarders(2.696) were more positive for using the waterproof corrugated cardboard box than the commission merchants(2.145).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2002

The study was carried out to develop nursery soil for rice seedling of phyllite. First of all, physico-chemical properties of used phyllite in the study through the analysis for agricultural utilization evaluation are as following. Bulk density(BD) of phyllite was $1.31g/cm^3$ each other and porosity had 65% of entire pore size. Also, the water holding capacity(WHC) was 43% at 1/3bar pressure, which phyllite has high WHC. According to, the results the experiments for nursery soil were conducted by mixing the materials such as phyllite, zeolite and hill soil. The mixing ratios were 30, 50, and 70% for zeolite and hill soil into phyllite. These mixed materials were packed in a box by adding 0, 1 and 2g of N-fertilizer. At seedling test, there were increases in the growth of shoot and root of rice for phyllite to zeolite and phyllite to hill soil, respectively. On the other hand, the length of leaf increased with increasing application rate of phyllite, while length and a number of root increased with increasing application rate of hill soil. The growth in the plots of phyllite to zeolite and phyllite to hill soil was better than in control plot. Finally, phyllite plot had efficient results when it compared with others and the study used with phyllite will have to more research and effort for agricultural useful material.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of packaging methods and sterilization treatment on storability and microbial control in paprika fruits. When treated with chlorine dioxide gas for 3, 6, and 12 hours and cold plasma gas for 1, 3, and 6 hours, and then packed in a carton box and stored in a 8 ± 1℃ chamber for 7 days, chlorine dioxide treated 12 hours and plasma treated 6 hours was prevented the development of E·coli and YM(yeast and mold). Accordingly, the control was treated with chlorine dioxide for 12 hours and plasma for 6 hours, packed using a carton box and 40,000 cc·m^-2·day^-1·atm^-1 OTR film (MAP), and stored in a 8 ± 1℃ chamber for 20 days. Fresh weight loss rate during storage was less than 1% in the MAP treatments, and the visual quality of the MAP treatments was above the marketability limit until the end of storage. There was no difference in the contents of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene in the film. In the case of firmness, the chlorine dioxide treatments was low, and the Hunter a^* value, which showed chromaticity, was highest in the Plasma 6h MAP treatment. Off-odor was investigated in the MAP treatments, but it was very low. The rate of mold growth on the fruit stalk of paprika was the fastest and highest in the chlorine dioxide treated box packaging treatments, and the lowest in the chlorine dioxide treated MAP treatments at the end of storage. The aerobic count in the pulp on the storage end date was the lowest in the plasma treated box packaging treatments, the lowest number of E·coli in the chlorine dioxide treated MAP treatments, and the lowest yeast & mold in the chlorine dioxide treated box packaging treatments. As a result, for the inhibition of microorganisms during paprika storage, it is considered appropriate to treat plasma for 6 hours before storage regardless of the packaging method.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.415-424
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• 2020

This study investigated the effects of an ethylene scrubber (ES) with a micro-perforated polypropylene (MP-PP, 30 ㎛) or a high density polyethylene (MP-HDPE, 30 ㎛) film liner for the export carton packaging box in 'Campbell Early' grapes. Rachis browning was highest in the untreated group, followed by MP-PP and MP-HDPE for 14 days of simulated marketing at 20℃. The combination treatment of ES with the film liners showed a partial inhibition of the rachis browning regardless of the film liners. The effects of an alcohol releaser (AR) sachet or chlorine dioxide (CD) diffuser co-packaging were also investigated in the 'Campbell Early' grapes packed with the MP-HDPE (40 × 99 pin hole·m^-2) film liner. The CD 1 g treatment showed a very limited weight loss of 1.1%, which was significantly lower than the 4.7% of the untreated control after 14 days of simulation marketing at 20℃. The berry shatter was 0.7% for the MP-HDPE + CD 1 g treatment and 1.8% for the MP-HDPE + CD 5 g treatment on the 10th day of the simulated marketing, which was significantly lower than the 8.9% of the control. The stem browning was significant suppressed until the 10th day of the simulated marketing. In particular, the CD 1 g treatment in combination with the MP-HDPE showed a low rachis and pedicel browning index of 2.0, which is 50% and 40% lower than that of the untreated control and the MP-HDPE single treatment, respectively. In addition, the CD 1 g treatment group showed a higher decay reduction effect than the CD 5 g treatment group, which caused high concentration damage.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.442-448
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality characteristics of the vacuum packed pre-aged venison with seasoning during chilled storage. The ham of deer were cut to cube and two seasonings such as red pepper sauce (T1) or soy sauce (T2) were seasoned by the proportions or meat to seasonings (1:1), respectively. The seasoned venison was aging by fill into plastic box at $0\pm1^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. And then, the aged meat from each pack was vacuum-packaged and stored at $0\pm1^{\circ}C$ for up to 28 days. pH were significantly decreased with storage periods in all treatments (p<0.05). Salinity $(\%)$ were no significant differences in T1 during the whole storage, but T2 had significantly high content $(1.33\%)$ at the storage days of 28 (p<0.05). Saccarinity $(\%)$ of T1 were significantly higher than that of T2 during the whole storage periods (p<0.05). As storage time extended the value of $L^*$ and $b^*$ in T1 were increased and those values decreased in T2. $a^*$ and shear force $(g/cm^2)$ or T1 and T2 were increased as the storage period passed In the result of sensory evaluation. all treatment had relatively high score $(T1\;6.75\~T2\;7.00)$ in overall acceptability during the storage period of 28 days. In conclusion, this study suggest that vacuum packed pre-aged venison with seasoning may be useful for new deer meat menu.