• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.254-259
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• 1991

요소(尿素)가 사용된 초지의 토양단면(土壤斷面)에서 pH, 인산, 유기물 그리고 치환성(置換性) 양(陽)이온 함량의 계절적 변화를 조사하였다. 질소(窒素)비료 28kg N/10a을 시용하고 무질소구(無窒素區)와 목초(牧草)를 재배하면서 봄(5.26), 여름(7.27), 가을(10.18)철에 토양시료를 100cm까지 20cm 간격으로 채취하여, 토양(土壤) 화학성(化學性)을 비교(比較)한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 봄, 여름철에 토양깊이 0~20cm에서 28kg N/10a 처리구의 pH는 질소 무처리구에 비하여 각각 0.7, 1.0 단위 낮았으며 토양깊이 20cm 이하에서도 28kg N/10a 처리구에서 pH가 낮아졌으며 계절별 pH감소 정도는 여름>봄>가을 순(順)이었다. 2. 토양 Bray No.1 인산 함량은 봄, 여름 철 질소무처리구와 28kg N/10a 처리간에 토양깊이별 차이가 없었으나, 여름철에 0~20cm 깊이에서의 인산함량은 봄철에 비하여 약 20ppm정도 낮았다. 가을철에는 28kg N/10a 처리의 토양깊이 20cm이하에서 인산함량이 봄, 여름철에 비하여 증가(增加)되는 경향을 보였다. 3. 유기물(有機物) 함량은 가을철에 질소 무처리구, 28kg N/10a 처리에서 공히 낮아지는 경향(傾向)이었으나, 대체적으로 질소시용량별, 토양깊이별 계절간 함량변화는 매우 적었다. 4. Ca 함량은 질소 무처리구, 28kg N/10a 처리 공히 토양깊이가 깊을수록 완만하게 감소(減少)되는 경향이었으나, 28kg N/10a 처리에서는 토양깊이 0~20cm에서의 함량이 봄철에 가장 높고 다음이 여름, 가을철 순(順)이었다. Mg과 K 함량은 질소 무처리구과 28kg N/10a 처리간에 계절별, 토양깊이별 차이가 거의 없었다. 5. 여름 철에 질소 무처리구에서는 $NH_4-N$ 함량과 pH, 유기물, Ca, Mg간에 정(正)의 유의상관(有意相關)이 있었고 28kg N/10a 처리에서는 $NO_3-N$함량과 토양 pH간에 부(負)의 유의상관(有意相關)(r=$-0.534^*$)이 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.955-960
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• 2012

신간척지 토양 pH는 7.5 이상의 알카리성 토양으로 요소와 같은 화학비료 처리 시 휘산에 의한 손실이 증가하여 비료효율이 저감된다. 한편 퇴비와 같은 유기태질소를 함유하는 유기질비료를 처리하더라도 토양 내 Nitrosomonas나 Nitrobactor와 같은 미생물상이 미약하여 질산화과정이 미약하여 실질적 유기질비료의 효과를 기대하기 어렵다. 한편 논과 같이 초기부터 담수상태로 시작하는 토양에서는 식물체가 질소원을 양분으로 이용하기 전 탈질화과정을 거치거나 아니면 용탈과정을 통하여 손실이 발생한다. 따라서 토양 pH가 7.5 이상으로 증가함에 따라 요소형태로 토양에 가해진 질소원으로부터 암모니아가스 발생이 급격히 증가되면 실질적 질소질 비료의 이용효율이 저하된다. 따라서 pH7 이상의 간척지 토양에 요소를 질소원으로 처리 시 암모니 움태나 질산태 형태의 가급태 질소원은 매우 적을 것으로 추정된다. 그러므로 담수하에서의 간척지 토양의 산화환원 특성과 토양 pH에 따른 처리 비종과 처리 기술개발이 반드시 필요하다고 판단한다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2018

신선편의 양상추의 포장 시 산소투과율이 서로 다른 필름을 적용하여 저온저장 중 품질 변화를 조사하여 신선편의 식품의 제품설계 및 유통 중 품질 관리를 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 신선편의 양상추는 산소투과율 각각 5,000, 8,000 및 $10,000cc/m^2{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$인 OPP 필름을 리드로 하여 용기 포장하고 $10^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 저장하면서 품질변화를 조사하였다. 필름의 산소투과율에 따른 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았으나, 표면온도를 제외하고 모든 품질 항목이 저장일 경과에 따른 통계적 유의차를 나타내었다(p <0.05). 저장 중 신선편의 양상추의 표면 온도는 평균 $13^{\circ}C$ 내외로, 산소투과율이 높을수록 표면온도는 낮게 유지되고 있었다. 저장 7일경 중량감소율은 2.8~5.4% 수준으로 산소투과율 $5,000cc/m^2{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$에서 가장 높았다. pH는 저장에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p <0.05), 산소투과율이 높을수록 pH의 변화는 작았다. 저장에 따라 포장 내부의 산소는 감소하고, 이산화탄소는 증가하고 있었는데, 필름의 산소 투과율이 높을수록 잔존산소 함량이 높고, 이산화탄소 함량이 낮게 나타났다. 저장에 따른 총페놀 함량 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 감소하고 있었는데, 필름의 산소투과율이 높을수록 총페놀 및 항산화성도 높게 유지되고 있었다. 저장 7일경 일반세균은 5.48~6.59 log CFU/g 수준으로, 산소투과율이 높을수록 높게 나타났다. 전반기호도를 기준으로 저장 5일경까지 상업적 품질을 유지하고 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2008

니켈 표면처리 공정에서 전류밀도에 따라 니켈의 전착두께가 증가되었으며, 증가폭은 $6{\sim}10A/dm^2$에서 저전류보다 높게 나타났다. 전류밀도를 측정하기 위해 Hull-cell 분석을 수행 하였다. 최적 공정온도는 $60^{\circ}C$, pH는 3.5~4.0이었고, 전해용액 중 니켈이온의 농도는 300 g/L 이상에서 농도에 따라 전착두께가 증가되었다. 전류밀도에 따라 용액 중 니켈이온 감소 속도가 증가되었는데, 이는 음극표면에서 니켈 전착 량에 따른 전착두께의 증가를 나타낸다. 그러나 전착속도가 빠를 경우 니켈 전착 층의 치밀성은 저하되며, 표면의 상태는 불규칙하게 변화된다. 니켈이온의 전착과정이 불규칙하게 일어나 조직의 pin hole 등을 야기해 표면특성을 저하시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 광택니켈 전착 후 25 h 내식을 유지한 결과, 낮은 전류밀도를 유지하는 것이 내식특성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 프로그램모사 결과, 전류밀도가 높아질수록 확산 층의 두께는 증가하며, 음극표면의 농도는 낮아진다. 농도분포는 낮은 전류밀도에서 고른 분포를 나타내었으며 이는 일정한 전착두께를 예측할 수 있다. 생산성 저하를 예방하기 위해 공정시간은 크게 변화시키지 않았으며, 전류밀도와 전착두께를 변화시키면서 공정변수를 조절하였다. 본 연구의 표면분석 결과 조직특성이나 내식성 등의 표면 물성이 낮은 전류밀도를 사용할 경우에 더욱 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.392-398
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• 2005

In this study, we evaluated the stability of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic acid (CLA) in aqueous solution, and compared the stability of AMX and CLA in commercial combination products. In aqueous solutions, the degradation of AMX ($t_{90}=8.88\;day\;at\;10^{circ}C$) and CLA ($t_{90}=3.53\;day\;at\;10^{circ}C$) occurred rapidly. From the pH-rate profile, AMX and CLA were the most stable at the range of pH 5.5 and 6.0. After reconstitution of commercial dry syrups, the contents of AMX and CLA in suspensions were gradually decreased for 7 days. However, AMX and CLA in dispersible tablet were not changed at all. The contents of CLA in the dispersible tablet ($87.92\%$) and dry syrups (2.16 and $3.91\%$) were remained in the accel­erated stability test ($75\%\;RH,\;at\;40^{circ}C$) after 10 hours. And the colors of the dry syrups were rapidly changed from white to yellow. From these results, we concluded that the dispersible tablet could overcome the stability problems of dry syrups.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.215-222
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• 1991

The absorption characteristics of itraconazole, which is an antifungal agent, from intestinal segments in the anesthetized rat i1l situ were investigated in order to design an effective oral drug delivery system. The pH-solubility profile of itraconazole, the rate and extent of absorption of itraconazole, the optimal absorption site(s) of itraconazole and the absorption enhancing effect of sodium cholate on itraconazole were examined in the present study. In situ single-pass perfusion method and recirculating perfusion technique using duodenum(D), jejunum(J) and ileum(I) were employed for the calculation of apparent permeability(Pe) and apparent first-order rate constant(Kobs). respectively. The results of this study were as follows; (1) Itraconazole showed appreciable aqueous solubility only at pH values of below 2.0. (2) pe(cm/sec) decreased in the following order: $D(10.24{\pm}1.78{\times}10^{-4})>J(8.86{\pm}0.79{\times}10^{-4})>I(3.78{\pm}0.13 X 10^{-4})$. (3) $Kobs(min^{-1})$ decreased in the following order: $J(17.12{\pm}3.19{\times}10^{-3})>D(13.37{\pm}0.6{\times}10^{-3})>I(11.05{\pm}0.91{\times}10^{-3})$. (4) The solubility of itraconazole markedly increased with the increase of the concentration of sodium cholate. (5) The addition of 10 mM sodium cholate significantly increased the apparent first-order rate constant of itraconazole in the ileum by a factor of 6.8.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2021

Urethral obstruction is a life-threatening feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The rate of recurring urethral obstruction was 14.8-58.1% after the first occurrence. Ultrasonographic findings associated with reobstruction had been rarely reported although ultrasonography was a valuable technique for diagnosing urinary bladder calculi and distinguishing different FLUTD causes. This retrospective study aims to describe the ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile in cats with FLUTD and determine the associations of reobstruction with ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile. The present study included 141 cats that were followed up for more than 1 year. The ultrasonographic criteria included the presence of cystolithiasis, urine echogenicity, sediment, suspended linear strand, pericystic effusion, hyperechoic pericystic fat, ureteral dilation, pyelectasia, and perirenal effusion. The urinalysis criteria included hematuria, urine-specific gravity, pH, sediment, and proteinuria. The most common ultrasonographic findings in cats with FLUTD were echogenic urine and sediment. However, this study did not find an association between reobstruction and ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profiles. Thus, an ultrasonographic examination may be insufficient to predict the risk of reobstruction although it is a useful modality for diagnosing FLUTD and making treatment direction.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.493-502
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• 2021

We prepared and investigated a biosynthesized nanoparticulate system with high adsorption and release capacity of letrozole. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using olive leaf extract. Cysteine was capped AgNPs to increase the adsorption capacity and suitable interaction between nanoparticles and drug. Morphology and size of nanoparticles were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nanoparticles were spherical with an average diameter of less than 100 nm. Cysteine capping was successfully confirmed by Fourier transform infrared resonance (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis (CHN). Also, the factors of letrozole adsorption were optimized and the linear and non-linear forms of isotherms and kinetics were studied. Confirmation of the adsorption data of letrozole by cysteine capped nanoparticles in the Langmuir isotherm model indicated the homogeneous binding site of modified nanoparticles surface. Furthermore, the adsorption rate was kinetically adjusted to the pseudo-second-order model, and a high adsorption rate was observed, indicating that cysteine coated nanoparticles are a promising adsorbent for letrozole delivery. Finally, the kinetic release profile of letrozole loaded modified nanoparticles in simulated gastric and intestinal buffers was studied. Nearly 40% of letrozole was released in simulated gastric fluid with pH 1.2, in 30 min and the rest of it (60%) was released in simulated intestinal fluid with pH 7.4 in 10 h. These results indicate the efficiency of the cysteine capped AgNPs for adsorption and release of drug letrozole for breast cancer therapy.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.428-440
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• 2023

Global meat consumption is increasing worldwide, however, supply remains lacking. Several alternative protein sources, such as cultured meat, plant-based protein production, and edible insects, have been proposed to overcome this shortage. Interestingly, edible insects are characterized by superior digestive and absorptive qualities that make them the ideal replacement for traditional protein production. This study aims to further the processing ability of insect protein by investigating the effects of various pre-treatment methods, such as blanching (HB), roasting (HR), and superheated steam (HS), on the nutritional properties and physicochemical characteristics of proteins extracted from Hermetia illucens larvae. The drying rate, pH value, color analysis, amino and fatty acid profile, as well as bulk density, shear force, and rehydration ratios of the above pre-treatment methods, were explored. HS was found to have the highest drying rate and pH value analysis showed that HB and HS samples have significantly higher values compared to the other modalities. Raw edible insects had the highest value in the sum of essential amino acid (EAA) and EAA index when compared to EAAs. HB and HS showed significantly lower bulk density results, and HS showed the highest shear force and the highest value in rehydration ratio, regardless of immersion time. Therefore, taking the above results together, it was found that blanching and superheated steam blanching pre-treatment were the most effective methods to improve the processing properties of H. illucens after hot-air drying.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on the ensiling quality and in vitro rumen fermentation of sudangrass silage prepared with or without wilting. Methods: The ensiling experiment, measured with 3 replicates, was carried out according to a 2×4 (wilted stages×additives) factorial treatment structure. Dry matter of the fresh (210 g/kg fresh matter) or wilted (305 g/kg fresh matter) sudangrass were ensiled (packed into 5.0-L plastic jars) without additive (control) or with molasses (M), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or molasses + Lactobacillus plantarum (M+LP). After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed for the chemical, fermentation, and in vitro characteristics. Results: After 60 days of ensiling, the fermentation parameters were affected by wilted, the additives and the interactions of wilted with the additives (p<0.05). The M+LP treatment at wilted had higher lactic acid levels and V-score (p<0.05) but lower pH values and butyric acid concentrations than the other treatments. In comparison with sudangrass before ensiling, after ensiling had lower dry matter and higher non-fibrous carbohydrate. The in vitro gas production, in vitro dry matter digestibility, in vitro crude protein digestibility, and in vitro acid fiber detergent digestibility changed under the effects of the additives. Significant interactions were observed between wilted and the additives in terms of in vitro gas production at 48 h, asymptotic gas production, gas production rate, half time, and the average gas production rate. The total volatile fatty acid levels in the additive treatments were higher than those in the control. Conclusion: Wilting and supplementation with molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum had the ability to improve the ensiling quality and in vitro nutrient digestibility of sudangrass silage. The M+LP treatment at wilted exhibited the strongest positive effects on silage quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.