• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 1988

An experiment was conducted to determine the feeding value of Arundinella hirat silage making by different methods ie., added starch 3%, formic acid 1% (FA), anhydrous ammonia ($NH_3$) 3%, and dried poultry waste (DPW) 3%. The samples were analyzed organic acid, cell wall constituent (NDF), cell contents (NDS), lignincutin-silica (ADL), hemicellulose (H: CHO) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) by pepsin-cellulase technique. The feeding value of silages were compared with corn siiage. The results are summarized as follows; 1.Formic acid treated to silage was lower pH(4.0), but anhydrous ammonia (8.37) and DPW added silage (8.72) were higher than that of the other treatment silages. 2.Fermentative quality of corn silage, starch, DPW, $NH_3$, control and FA treated silage were marked 100,81, 77,63,62 and 58, respectively. 3.Silage with $NH_3$, (23.57%) and DPW (10.42%) of content of protein were higher than that of other treated silages. 4.Silage with $NH_3$, was significantly lower contents of NDF, but did not ADF of among the treated silages. 5.In the contents of ADL, starch added silage was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but did not the other treatment. 6.DMD of in vitro by pepsin-cellulase of silage with starch was increased three folds as equal to corn silage but did not increased the other treated silages. 7.Correlationship of latic acid an total acid, and NDS were a positive but lactic acid and NDF was a negative correlation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2018

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for wheat to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested wheat grain every third day from 30 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 61.6% at 30 DAH to 42.8% at 42 DAH. Yield of wheat grain significantly increased from 30 to 42 DAH (p< 0.05). Yield at 39 DAH (3.46T/ha) was not significantly different from that at 42 DAH (p< 0.05). With respect to the feed value of wheat grain silage, the amount of crude protein, crude fiber, and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p< 0.05). However, the amount of total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 30 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of wheat grain silage from 30 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.5 and it was stable until 39 DAH (p< 0.05). The lactic acid content of wheat grain silage from 30 to 42 DAH decreased from 3.08% to 1.10%. With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for wheat grain silage was 39 DAH.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.522-528
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• 2018

Objective: This study evaluated inclusion of buckwheat silage to the diet of growing lambs in terms of meat quality as compared to maize silage. Methods: Buckwheat, rich in total phenols (TP, 33 g/kg dry matter [DM]), was harvested at the end of the milk stage and ensiled in 40 kg plastic bags after wilting (294 g/kg silage DM). A total of 18 growing lambs ($21.6{\pm}1.2$) were individually fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic total mixed rations (TMR) for 75 d that either contained buckwheat or maize silage at DM proportions of 0.50. At the end of feeding trail all lambs were slaughtered to assess carcass characteristics and meat quality. Results: Buckwheat silage increased (p<0.01) the DM intake of lambs as compared to maize silage, but had no effects (p>0.05) on live weight gain and feed efficiency. Carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force ($kg/cm^2$), and total viable bacteria count of meat did not differ (p>0.05) between the treatments. However, TP content of meat increased (p<0.001) by feeding buckwheat TMR. Feeding buckwheat TMR also decreased (p<0.05) the b* values of meat. Conclusion: The results provide that buckwheat silage is palatable and could successfully include TMR of growing lambs with no adverse effects on performance, carcass and meat quality. Additionally, feeding buckwheat silage to lambs offers increased TP in meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1992

Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) harvested at an early growth stage was ensiled with 4% of molasses in a polyethylene bag silo which contained 15 kg of chopped forage each. Dry matter (DM) content of the silage was so low as 14.75%, although chemical quality of the silage was very high. Ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen was 6.59%, and the pH value of the silage was 3.79. Nutritive value of the silage was estimated using goats and compared to that of a timothy hay as a reference ration. Feeding level of each rations was adjusted to a level of nitrogen (N) recommendation. DM and N digestibilities of the silage were 65.0 and 54.5%, respectively, but those of the timothy hay were 37.6 and 37.2%. Feeding of the napier grass silage maintained body weight and kept positive N retention. Ammonia N concentration in the rumen fluid in goats fed the napier grass silage increased after feeding, but blood urea concentration was constant. Feeding of the timothy hay did not increase ammonia N concentration in the rumen fluid, but increased blood urea concentration. These facts indicated that the napier grass silage had enough digestible DM and N for maintenance ration to goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1274-1280
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the effects of microbial and chemical combo additives on nutritive values, fermentation indices and aerobic stability of whole crop barley silage. Barley forage (Youngyang) was harvested at about 30% dry matter (DM) by treatments, chopped to 5 cm length and treated with distilled water only (CON), Lactobacillus plantarum (INO), propionic acid (PRO) or an equal mixture of INO and PRO (MIX). Barley forages were ensiled in 4 replications for 0, 2, 7, and 100 days. On 100 days of ensiling, MIX silage had higher (p<0.05) in vitro DM digestibility than CON silage, but lower (p<0.05) acid detergent fiber concentration. The pH in all treated silages was lower (p<0.05) than CON silage. The MIX silage had higher (p<0.05) lactate concentration and lactate to acetate ratio than in CON, but lower (p<0.05) yeast count. Aerobic stability in CON, PRO, and MIX silages were higher (p<0.05) than in INO silage. It is concluded that microbial and chemical combo additives using L. plantarum and propionic acid could efficiently improve nutritive values of barley silage in terms of increased in vitro DM digestibility compared to other treatments. In addition, all treatments except CON reduced yeast count which is the initiate microorganism of aerobic spoilage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1993

In situ degradability and fermentation characteristics in the rumen of goats fed whole crop corn forage ensiled with (MS silage) or without (CS silage) 30% of cage layer manure (CLM) were investigated. The two silages were well preserved. To adjust nitrogen intake of CS silage to that of MS silage, the 3rd group of goats was given urea with CS silage at feeding time (US silage). Each goat was given a diet of 2% of the body weight (dry matter basis) daily. In situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of MS silage in the rumen were higher than those of CS and US silages. Total potentially degradable portions of DM and CP in MS silage were also higher than those in CS and US silages. Blood urea nitrogen and rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration of goats fed US and MS silages were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of goats fed CS silage. Acetic, propionic and butyric acids in ruminal fluids of goats fed MS silage were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of goats fed CS and US silages.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of wilting and microbial inoculant treatment on the fermentation pattern and quality of Italian ryegrass silage. Methods: Italian ryegrass was harvested at heading stage and ensiled into vinyl bags (20 cm×30 cm) for 60d. Italian ryegrass was ensiled with 4 treatments (NWNA, no-wilting noadditive; NWA, no-wilting with additive; WNA, wilting no-additive; WA, wilting with additive) in 3 replications, wilting time was 5 hours and additives were treated with 106 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum. The silages samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 days after ensiling and analyzed for the ensiling quality and characteristics of fermentation patterns. Results: Wilting treatment resulted in lower crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility and there were no significant differences in acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrient (TDN), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), ammonia content, and pH (p>0.05). However, wilting treatment resulted in higher ADF and neutral detergent fiber content of Italian ryegrass silage (p<0.05), and the WNA treatment showed the lowest TDN and in vitro dry matter digestibility. The pH of the silage was higher in the wilting group (WNA and WA) and lower in the additive treatment group. Meanwhile, the decrease in pH occurred sharply between the 3-5th day of storage. The ammonia nitrogen content was significantly lower in the additive treatment (p<0.05), and wilting had no effect. As fermentation progressed, the lactic and acetic acid contents were increased and showed the highest content at 30 days of storage. Conclusion: The wilting treatment did not significantly improve the silage fermentation, but the inoculant treatment improved the fermentation patterns and quality of the silage. So, inoculation before ensiling is recommended when preparing high quality of Italian ryegrass silage, and when wilting, it is recommended to combine inoculation for making high quality silage.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Glycine soja (GS) supplementation on the quality of corn silage. Corn silage was used in a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangements with respective factors being addition of GS (0, 10, and 20%) and without or with Lacobacillus plantarum as lactic acid bacteria, and were stored for 40 days at a room temperature ($20-25^{\circ}C$). Corn silage with supplemented 20% GS increased (p<0.05) crude protein contents compared with that in corn silage with supplemented 0 and 10% GS, however crude fat, NDF, and starch concentrations was not affected (p<0.05) by addition of GS. Furthermore, the interaction was found (p<0.05) between corn silage with supplemented 20% GS and the addition of lactic acid in butyric acid. Silage pH was increased while GS supplementation increased. Corn silage with supplemented 20% GS increased (p<0.05) glucose and fructose concentrations. The results of current study indicate that corn silage with supplemented 20% GS could be used as a useful strategy to improve corn silage with increased crude protein contents along with sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2017

The present study analyzes the role of Lactic Acid Bacteria Mixture (LBM) on improving rye silage quality. Rye of four different stages (Booting, Heading, Flowering, and Late flowering) was collected and silage was prepared. The nutrient profile analysis of experimental silage groups showed no significant changes between control and LBM inoculation. Interestingly, the pH of rye silage in LBM treatments showed significant reduction than control (p<0.05) in all stages of rye silage. However, lowest pH (3.69) resulted on booting stage among other stages of rye. Subsequently significant lactic acid production was noted in all stages of LBM inoculation than control. Conversely maximum lactic acid production of (5.33%DM) was noted at booting stage followed by (4.86%DM) in heading stage. Further the lactic acid bacterial (LAB) count in LBM inoculated group showed significant increase than control. Similarly, the silage of booting stage group registered maximum LAB population ($63.7{\times}10^6CFU/g$) after that heading stage ($32.3{\times}10^6CFU/g$). Further significant reduction in yeast growth and no fungal growth was noted in all LPM treatment groups. Hence, LBM inoculants could be a better additive for improving rye silage quality.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.123-134
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• 2001

The quality including in situ degradability in the rumen of Holstein of the black locust silage added with apple pomace was investigated in this study. The amount of apple pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 60% respectively. With higher amount of addition of apple pomace in black locust, crude protein content in the silage decreased. Crude protein contents in the apple pomace added silage were in the range between 11.7 and 13.7% and those were significantly lower than 16.3% of 100% black locust silage. The contents of ADF, NDF and crude ash were in the same trend as with crude protein, which were shown more clearly in the 40∼60% addition of apple pomace. Moisture content of 100% black locust silage was 56.7% however it significantly increased according to higher levels of addition of apple pomace(67.1∼73.8%). pH, lactic acid and total organic acid contents in 20∼60% addition of apple Pomace were 3.7∼4.3, 1.3∼2.2%, and 2.1∼6.0% respectively, however in 100% black locust silage those were significantly lower except pH as 5.4, 0.6% and 1.0% respectively. In situ disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF in the rumen were significantly higher at the stapes of incubation after 12h and 24h respectively in 20∼40% addition of apple pomace than in 100% black locust silage. No statistical differences were observed with quickly degradable fraction (a) in the disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF. In dry matter, however slowly degradable fractions (b) of 100% black locust and 60% addition of apple pomace were significantly higher as 99.7 and 99.8% respectively than 37.7∼50.5% of 20∼40% addition of apple pomace. On the contrary, fractional rate of disappearance (c) and effective degradability(ED) were significantly higher in 20∼40% addition of apple pomace as 0.0115∼0.0149 and 30.4∼31.9% respectively than the respective values of 0.0027 and 24.9% of 100% black locust. In NDF, b was significantly higher in apple pomace added silage(38.5∼99.8%) than in 100% black locust silage(14.9%). However, C was significantly lower in apple pomace added silage than in 100% black locust silage.