• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 1985

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of maturity stages and particle length on quality of silage made from Sorghum-sudan hybrid (Pioneer 988). The silage was made at heading, milky, dough and yellow ripe stage and cut 1.0, 2.5, 4.0cm at each stage. The quality of the silage was evaluated on the bases of the chemical compositions, content of organic acids, pH and $NH_3-N$ of the silage, and also the correlation between main compositions of the silage. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The moisture content was decreased with advancing maturity, but dry matter content was increased. Crude protein was decreased with advancing maturity at the level of 12.55 percentageat heading stage. Crude fiber was tended to increase. 2. The moisture content of silage was markedly decreased with advancing maturity (p<0.01). 3. The pH value of silage was the lowest when particle length was 2.5cm, and there was no significant difference between particle lengths. At the yellow ripe stage, the pH value was the lowest (3.53) and at the dough stage, the pH value was the highest (4.59) (p<0.01). 4. The rate of $NH_3-N$ to total-N was the highest (16.3%) at heading stage, the lowest (9.2%) at the dough stage. 5. The organic acid contents was not uniformly fixed at the particle length, but the highest quality silage was produced at yellow ripe stage as was not produced butyric acid and plenty of lactic acid was contented. 6. The correlations between pH and lactic acid (r=0.719), pH and total acid (r=-0.716), butyric acid and Flieg's score (r=0.872) were negative, respectively (p<0.01). And those between lactic acid and total acid (r=0.990), moisture and $NH_3-N$ (r=0.767) were positive, respectively (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.823-829
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• 2003

Four different types of silage from new cultivars of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), cv. NG 1 and NG 2, were fed to eight wethers in order to evaluate their preference and intake by sheep. The silages were prepared from direct-cut NG 1 herbage; pre-wilted NG 1 herbage; NG 1 herbage with maize meal (5% inclusion) and NG 2 herbage with maize meal (5% inclusion). All silages were palatable to sheep. Maize-treated silage had high quality fermentation, characterized by high Fleig scores and low pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammoniacal nitrogen contents. The pH, Fleig score, in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOMD) and ammoniacal-N contents for maize-treated cv. NG 1 silage were 3.7, 78, $540g\;kg^{-1}$ dry matter (DM ) and $0.18g\;kg^{-1}$ DM whereas, in maize-treated cv. NG 2 they were 3.6, 59, $^458g\;kg{-1}$ DM and $0.18g\;kg^-1$ DM, respectively. The superior quality of maize-treated silages made them more preferable to sheep. Among the maize-fortified silages, palatability and intake were significantly (p<0.001) greater with cv. NG 1. Although direct-cut silage had better fermentation quality compared to wilted silage, wilted silage was significantly (p<0.001) more preferable to sheep. However, there were no significant differences (p<0.05) in the levels of preference and intake of wilted silage compared to maize-treated cv. NG 2 silage, even though the latter tended to be more palatable. There were indications that high pH (4.6 vs 3.5) and IVDOMD content (476 vs $457g\;kg^{-1}%$ DM) of wilted silage contributed to higher intake, compared to direct-cut silage. It was generally concluded that pre-wilting and treatment of Napier grass with maize meal at ensiling enhances intake and palatability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ground corn as an additive to ginseng residue silages. The silages were made with corn (CS), red ginseng (GS), red ginseng residue +0.5% ground corn (GS0.5), w/w bases, red ginseng residue+1.0% ground corn (GS1.0) and red ginseng residue+silage inoculant, lactic acid bacteria (GSL). The raw materials were cut only for corn forage in 2cm length. The ginseng residue without cutting were mixed without or with additives, ground corn and inoculant, and ensiled each into two 2,000ml glass bottles. The bottles with silages were stored at a dark place at room temperature and formented for 60 days. The crude protein contents were higher for all red ginseng silages as 17.7, 18.8, 18.3 and 17.8% for GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL than that of corn silage as 8.8% (p<0.05). The calcium content were higher in GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL as 0.99, 1.13, 0.99 and 1.03% than that in CS as 0.31% (p<0.05). The pH of silages fermented for 60 days was similar each other; CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL as 3.8, 3.7, 3.3, 3.5 and 3.7, respectively. However the pH of GS0.5 was the lower than that of corn silage. The total concentration of volatile fatty acids were higher for CS as 87.3 mM/dl than those of GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL as 44.7, 37.8, 46.3 and 47.2 nM/dl. However, the percentage of lactic acid concentration of ginseng silages such as GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL, 60.2, 77.2, 83.4 and 77.3% was higher than that in CS, 53.7% (p<0.05). The in vivo dry matter digestibilities for 72hr fermentation was higher in ginseng silages (GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL as 76.5, 75.8, 72.9 and 77.3%, respetively) than that in for CS as 52.1% (p<0.05). It can be concluded that silage added with ground corn (GS0.5 and GS1.0) and lactic acid inoculant were high in its quality, and the GS0.5 can be suggested as a practical method for red ginseng residues silage making.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1993

With the purpose to utilize cage layer manure (CLM), whole crop corn forage was ensiled with 30% CLM (MS silage) and without CLM (CS silage). MS silage was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in pH value, total VFA, propionic and butyric acids, and the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen, but lower (p < 0.05) in lactic acid and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents than CS silage. Digestibility was evaluated using Shiba strain Japanese goats. Urea was supplemented to CS silage at feeding to adjust nitrogen intake to MS silage (US silage). There were no differences in digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and energy among the three silages. However, US silage showed higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of crude protein, but digestibilities of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose were higher (p < 0.05) in MS silage. Nitrogen retention was positive in US and MS silages, but it was negative in CS silage. Voluntary feed intake of goats was 11.02, 12.03 and 13.34 g of DM per metabolic body weight ($kg^{0.75}$) for 10 minutes, for CS, US and MS silages, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1548-1553
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to study the nutritional quality of whole crop corn silage ensiled with cage layer manure in sheep. Treatments were designed as a $3{\times}3$ Latin square with 16-day periods. Sheep were allotted in one of three diet-treatments, which were whole crop corn silage (CS), whole crop corn+30% cage layer manure (CLM) silage (based on DM; MS) and rice straw+concentrate (SC) mixed at 8:2 ratio (on DM basis). Silage ensiled with CLM significantly increased (p<0.05) digestibilities of crude protein, NDF and ADF, TDN over the other treatments. Ruminal pH in sheep fed SC was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other diets at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after feeding. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration of the MS treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other treatments at 0, 1, 2 h after feeding. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) feed intake, digestibility of organic matter and crude protein, nitrogen intake and retained nitrogen. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) purine derivative (PD) excretion leading to higher microbial protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 2014

This study examined the effects of bacterial inoculants on chemical composition and fermentation indices of barley silage. Barley forage (Youngyang) was harvested at 24% dry matter (DM) and wilted to 47.9% DM. The wilted barley forage was chopped to 3-5 cm length and applied with no inoculant (CON), L. plantarum ($1{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$, LP) or Effective Microorganisms ($0.5{\times}10^9cfu/g$, EM). Then the forages were ensiled in four replications for each treatment in 20 L mini silos and stored for 100 days. The contents of crude protein and ether extract were higher in CON silage ensiled for 100-d, while the contents of DM and crude ash were higher in EM silage (p<0.05). The contents of ADF, NDF and hemicellulose as well as the in vitro DM digestibility were not affected by microbial inoculation (p>0.05). The pH, ammonia-N concentration and lactate to acetate ratio were higher (p<0.05) in CON silage, while lactate concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in CON and LP silage. Acetate concentration and lactic acid bacteria was increased (p<0.05) by both inoculants (LP and EM), but propionate concentration and yeast was increased (p<0.05) by EM and LP, respectively. These results indicated that the fermentation quality of barley silage was improved by the application of bacterial inoculants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.793-799
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• 2002

Four feeds, three concentrates (rice bran, soybean meal and flaked corn) and one forage (corn silage) were incubated in four ruminally fistulated Holstein steers over three one week periods in a 3${\times}$4 incomplete latin square design where steers served as blocks and feeds as treatment. The objectives of the study were to investigate in situ DM, N and P degradability characteristics of feeds in order to assess availability of these nutrients by ruminants. In each period, all feeds were incubated in quadruplets (corn silage in triplicates) in the rumen of each steer in a reverse order for 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h. The DM 'a' fraction was higher and lower (p<0.001) in corn silage and rice bran respectively. Although corn silage contained the lowest (p<0.01) DM 'b' fraction, flaked corn contained the highest. Rate of DM degradation of flaked corn and corn silage were half (p<0.05) of the rate of DM degradation of either rice bran or soybean meal. Potential or effective DM degradability (p<0.05 to 0.001) at various passage rates were the lowest for rice bran and the highest for soybean meal. Corn silage N 'a' and 'b' was the highest and lowest, respectively (p<0.01). N 'c' of corn silage and rice bran was higher (p<0.001) than other feeds. Potential N degradability was the lowest in flaked corn (p<0.05). P 'a' was high (p<0.01) for corn silage and rice bran. P 'b' fraction was very high (p<0.001) in soybean meal but was absent in corn silage. Availability of DM (p<0.01 or 0.001), N (p<0.001) and P (p<0.05) differed between feeds at various passage rates except P availability at k=0.02 per h (p>0.05). The results demonstrate that the availability of DM, N and P by ruminants depends on feed as well as categories of animal.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2020

The present study investigated effects of antifungal and carboxylesterase inoculant on rumen fermentation with different rumen pH. Corn silage was treated without inoculant (CON) and with a mixed Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and L. buchneri 6M1 (MIX). Rumen fluid was collected from two cannulated Hanwoo heifers before morning feeding (high rumen pH at 6.70) and 3 h after feeding (low rumen pH at 6.20). Dried corn silage was incubated in the rumen buffer (rumen fluid + anaerobic culture medium at 1:2 ratio) for 48 h at 39℃. Eight replications for each treatment were used along with two blanks. Both in a high and a low rumen pH, MIX silages presented higher (p<0.05) the immediately degradable fraction, the potentially degradable fraction, total degradable fraction, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) than those of CON silages. Incubated corn silages in a low rumen pH presented lower (p<0.05) total degradable fraction, ammonia-N, total VFA (p=0.061), and other VFA profiles except acetate and propionate, than those in a high rumen pH. The present study concluded that application of antifungal and carboxylesterase inoculant on corn silage could improve degradation kinetics and fermentation indices in the rumen with high and low pH conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1273-1278
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• 2005

This study is to evaluate the effect of different levels of ensiling density on the fermentation quality of guineagrass silages during the early stage of ensiling. Guineagrass at the milky ripe stage was chopped and ensiled into a small-scale laboratory silo at two ensiling density levels (high density at 95 g/silo and low density at 75 g/silo). Three silos per level were opened after six ensiling periods (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 7 days of ensiling) and the fermentation qualities were analyzed. Within the initial 1.5 days of ensiling there were not significant (p>0.05) differences in the fermentation qualities between two density levels silages, and an almost constant pH and no or only small amounts of lactic acid, acetic acid and total volatile fatty acids were detected. However, the high density silage significantly (p<0.05) increased the rate and extent of fermentation after 1.5 days of ensiling, which was well reflected in significantly (p<0.05) faster and larger pH decline and lactic acid production at each elapsed time as compared with the low density silage. This resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower finial pH and significantly (p<0.05) higher lactic acid content at the end of the experiment. Moreover, there was higher AA content relative to LA in both the H-D and L-D silages during the full fermentation course, and resulted in the AA-type silage. There were generally somewhat or significantly (p<0.05) higher acetic acid, volatile fatty acids and ammonia-N/total nitrogen in the high density silage than in the low density silage during the initial 3 days of ensiling. However, there were higher (p>0.05) ammonia-N/total nitrogen and significantly (p<0.05) higher butyric acid content in the low density silage at day 7 of ensiling. The silages of two density levels showed an initial increase in glucose between 0.5 and 1 day for the high density silage and between 1 and 1.5 days for the low density silage, respectively, thereafter showed a large decrease until the end of the experiment. There were not large differences (p>0.05) in ethanol content between the low density and high density silages that showed small amounts within initial 3 days of ensiling. However, the low density silage had a significantly (p<0.05) higher ethanol content than the high density silage at the end of experiment. From the above results it was suggested that the increase in ensiling density was an effective method to improve the fermentation quality, especially for tropical grasses.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2004

In order to solve the shortage of roughage supply for dairy farm in Korea, the mechanized model system for the production of winter cereal wrap silage in the fellow paddy field was developed in the previous studies. In this study, storage properties after long term storing of the winter cereal wrap silage were investigated. Also, the qualities of the wrap silage which was stored during 4 months were evaluated by sensory testings, analyzing chemical properties(moisture content, pH and organic acids) and investigating the increase of feeding value. The result of this study were summarized as follows; 1. After 300 hours storage, the acid level of the silage decreased slowly to 4.6 -4.8 pH. Also, the temperature was stabilized around 27-28$^{\circ}C$. The silage having below 5.0 pH is a desirable level for the most of good silage. 2. According to the sensory test and chemical property analyzation it was evaluated as the first class silage like a com silage. 3. Also, when the wrap silage are fed to the cattle, the cattle produced milk more 25% than that of conventional feed. 4. As an overall conclusion, winter cereal wrap silage in the fallow paddy field cm be one of the major roughage source in replacement of com and other conventional silage to dairy cattle in Korea.