• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 1999

Purpose : The expression of p53, P211WAF/CIP, Bcl-2, and Bax underlying the radiation-induced apoptosis in different pH environments using SCK mammary adenocarcinoma cell line was investigated. Materials and Methods Mammary adenocarcinoma cells of hi) mice (SCK cells) in exponential growth phase were irradiated with a linear accelerator at room temperature. The cells were irradiated with 12 Gy and one hour later, the media was replaced with fresh media at a different pHs. After Incubation at 37Microbioiogy, College of Medicine Dong A University for 0$\~$48 h, the extort of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The progression of cells through the cell cycle after irradiation in different pHs was also determined with flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to monitor p53, p211WAFfCIP, Bcl-2, and Bu protein levels. Results : The induction of apoptosis by irradiation in pH 6.6 medium was markedly less than that in pH 7.5 medium. The radiation-induced G2IM arrest in pH 6.6 medium lasted markedly longer than that in pH 7.5 medium. Considerable amounts of p53 and p21 proteins already existed at pH 7.5 and increased the level of p53 and p21 significantly after 12 Gy X-irradiation. An incubation at pH 6.6 after 12 Gy X-irradiation did not change the level of p53 and p21 protein levels significantly. Bcl-2 proteins were not significantly affected by radiation and showed no correlation with cell susceptibility to radiation-induced apoptosis in different pHs. An exposure to 12 Gy of X-rays increased the level of Bax protein at pH 7.5 but at pH 6.6, it was slight. Conclusions : The molecular mechanism underlying radiation-induced apoptosis in dinerent pH environments using SCK mammary adenocarcinoma cell line was dependent of the expression p53 and P211YVAF/CIP proteins. We may propose following hypothesis that an acidic stress augments the radiation-induced G2iM arrest, which inhibiting the irradiated cells undergo post-mitotic apoptosis. The effects of environmental acidity on anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 family was unclear in SCK mammary adenocarcinoma cell line.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.140-155
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of scapular pattern of PNF on the pain level in whiplash injury patients. Pain level were assessed prior, after first, after second, after third, after fourth, and after fifth treatment. All 6 times were calculated pain level. To find out the effectiveness of scapular pattern of PNF, we were divide two groups. The one group was consisted of 25 patients that were treated with H/P electrical therapy and MFR, and the other group was consisted of 25 patients that were treated with H/P, electrical therapy, and scapular pattern of PNF. The results were as follow: 1. There were statistical significance on the pain level in MFR group during all treatment periods(p<0.05). 2. There were statistical significance on the pain level in scapular pattern of PNF group all during treatment periods(p<0.05). 3. Scapular pattern of PNF group had more statistical significance than MFR group on the pain level during all treatment periods(p<0.05). Consequently, this study suggest that scapular pattern of PNF technique has a very effectiveness to the whiplash injury patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.125-141
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of myofascial release(MFR) technique and Taping therapy on the pain level in whiplash injury patients. Pain level were assessed prior treatment, after first treatment, after second treatment, after third treatment, after fourth treatment, and after fifth treatment. All 6 times were calculated pain level. To find out the effectiveness of MFR and Taping therapy, we were divide two groups. The one group was consisted of 25 patients that were treated with H/P, electrical therapy and MFR, and the other group was consisted of 25 patients that were treated with H/P, electrical therapy, and Taping therapy. The results were as follow: 1. There were statistical significance on the pain level in MFR group during all treatment periods(p<0.05). 2. There were statistical significance on the pain level in Taping group all during treatment periods(p<0.05). 3. Taping group had more statistical significance than MFR group on the pain level during all treatment periods(p<0.05). Consequently, this study suggest that Taping therapy has a very effectiveness to the whiplash injury patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.701-710
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• 2019

Objective: This study investigated the effect of different acute heat stress (HS) levels on chicken meat quality and ultra-structure. Methods: Chickens were randomly divided into 7 groups to receive different HS treatments: i) $36^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, ii) $36^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, iii) $38^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, iv) $38^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, v) $40^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, vi) $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, and vii) un-stressed control group ($25^{\circ}C$). Blood cortisol level, breasts initial temperature, color, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), protein solubility and ultra-structure were analyzed. Results: HS temperatures had significant effects on breast meat temperature, lightness ($L^*$), redness ($a^*$), cooking loss and protein solubility (p<0.05). The HS at $36^{\circ}C$ increased $L^*{_{24h}}$ value (p<0.01) and increased the cooking loss (p<0.05), but decreased $a^*{_{24h}}$ value (p<0.05). However, as the temperature increased to $38^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$, all the values of $L^*{_{24h}}$, cooking loss and protein denaturation level decreased, and the differences disappeared compared to control group (p>0.05). Only the ultimate $pH_{24h}$ at $40^{\circ}C$ decreased compared to the control group (p<0.01). The pH in $36^{\circ}C$ group declined greater than other heat-stressed group in the first hour postmortem, which contributed breast muscle protein degeneration combining with high body temperature, and these variations reflected on poor meat quality parameters. The muscle fiber integrity level in group $40^{\circ}C$ was much better than those in $36^{\circ}C$ with the denatured position mainly focused on the interval of muscle fibers which probably contributes WHC and light reflection. Conclusion: HS at higher temperature (above $38^{\circ}C$) before slaughter did not always lead to more pale and lower WHC breast meat. Breast meat quality parameters had a regression trend as HS temperature raised from $36^{\circ}C$. The interval of muscle fibers at 24 h postmortem and greater pH decline rate with high body temperature in early postmortem period could be a reasonable explanation for the variation of meat quality parameters.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.771-775
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• 2009

Antimicrobial activity of garlic (pH 6.0) heated at $120^{\circ}C$ reached its maximum at 45 min of heating and maintained the level for the rest of heating time (300 min) when tested against Candida utilis ATCC42416. The principal antimicrobial compound was allyl alcohol (AA), a highly volatile compound without sulfur in its molecule. The concentration of AA in heated garlic gradually increased to over 2,000 ppm for the first 90 min and stayed at the level without appreciable changes in spite of further heating. Other antimicrobial compounds secondary to AA were lowly volatile sulfur compounds including diallyl polysulfides (diallyl trisulfide, diallyl tetrasulfide, and diallyl pentasulfide) and heterocyclic sulfur compounds (4-methyl-1,2,3-trithiolane, 5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrathiane, and 6-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentathiepane). When the pH of the garlic extract was lowered before heating, considerably more secondary antimicrobial sulfur compounds were formed and the antimicrobial activity was stronger than the pH unadjusted garlic. Lowly volatile sulfur compounds contributed a significant part of antimicrobial activity of heated garlic only during the early period (45-120 min) of heating regardless of pH treatment.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 2022

The quality characteristics of kochujang by the level of roasted naked oat flours added were periodically examined during storage for 20 weeks at 25℃(± 2 ℃). The water contents of kochujang with roasted naked oat flours decreased gradually as the level of added roasted naked oat flours increased (p<.05), whereas they increased gradually by time during storage. The pH of kochujang with roasted naked oat flours increased gradually according to the added level(p<.001), whereas pH decreased gradually by time during storage. But the acidity changed opposite of pH. The L(lightness), a(redness) and b(yellowness)-values of samples increased according to the amount of added naked oat flours, while decreased gradually by time during storage. The salinity and sweetness of samples decreased gradually according to the amount of added naked oat flours(p<.001). Amino acid composition of kochujang with roasted naked oat flours was higher than that of the control sample during storage. In the kochujang with roasted naked oat flours after 20 weeks of storage at 25℃(± 2 ℃), 17 kinds of amino acid contents were examined, and the glutamic acid was found to increase as the level of added naked oat flours increased: 959.69 mg/100 g for control, 983.55 mg/100 g, 1,070.72 mg/100 g for 5%, 10% and 1,169.62 mg/100 g for 15%. As a result of the above results, it was found that the quality characteristics of kochujang by addition level of roasted naked oat flours could be improved, and the possibility of developing kochujang beneficial to health was confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.412-420
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• 1999

The amount and type of dietary protein that effects affect bone mineral loss after menopause and different dietary patterns may influence anthropometric measurements, biochemical values, and bone metabolism. Objective : Our objective was to investigate bone metabolism and chronic disease factors in two different dietary patterns. Design: The sample consisted of 40 lacto-ove-vegetarians(LOV) and 49 omnivores aged from 47 to 85 years in good condition without any medical problems. Results : The average energy intake of LOV was 1414.0kcal and omnivores, 1403.2kcal. The difference between means was not statistically significant. The differences of means of body weight and BMI between the two groups were not significant but the systolic blood pressure of LOV group was significantly lower than omniovores(p<0.05). The values of serum cholesterol(p<0.05) and glucose(p<0.05) of LOV were signifcantly lower than that of omnivores. The serum albumin level(p<0.01) of LOV was lower than it'scounterpart but in a normal range. The intake of crude fiber(p<0.05) of LOV group was significantly higher. The urinary pH of LOV was 7.4 and that of omnivores was 6.3(p<0.001). Plant calcium(p>0.05) and plant iron(p<0.001) had positive correlations with the uninary pH but animal protein(p>0.05) and animal iron(p>0.05) had negative correlations with the urinary pH. The level of urinary biochemical marker of bone resorption, deoxypyridinoline(DPD) of LOV was significantly lower than the other group(p>0.05). The T-scores of bone mineral density for the two sites in the two groups were not significantly different. Conclusions : The DPD level and urinary pH value of LOV were more desirable for the bone metabolism that the omnivores. The diet of LOV had lower risk factors of chronic diseases than the other group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1616-1623
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the effect of hot environment and dietary crude protein level (CP) on performance, carcass characteristics, meat visual quality, muscle chemical composition and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of tissues in broilers. Two hundred and sixteen 21-d old Arbor Acre broilers were used in a $4\times3$ factorial arrangement and randomly reared in 4 environmental chambers and fed on 3 diets with different CP levels for 3 weeks. The results showed: (1) when air temperature (AT) rose to $33^{\circ}C$, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, carcass weight, right breast meat weight, left thigh and drumstick meat weight decreased (p<0.05) and feed conversion rate decreased (p<0.05), but the ratio of carcass to live weight and of left thigh and drumstick meat weight to carcass weight increased (p<0.05). (2) There were significant differences in pH and shear force in breast meat, and shear force, L* and a* in thigh meat (p<0.01 or 0.05) among hot environments. Dietary CP level tended to affect breast meat pH and pH and L* of thigh meat (p<0.06 or 0.09). Compared to the normal temperature ($22^{\circ}C$), low temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) and hot humid (AT $33^{\circ}C$, relative humidity (RH) 80%) treatments significantly (p<0.05) decreased the tenderness of thigh meat. L* and a* value in thigh meat under high temperature treatments, regardless of RH, were higher (p<0.05) than those under normal temperature. (3) Protein content in breast and thigh meat of broilers fed under high temperature ($33^{\circ}C$) was lower (p<0.05) than that under $22^{\circ}C$, but fat content had an adverse change. High temperature ($33^{\circ}C$) increased the moisture of breast meat significantly (p<0.05). Protein content in breast meat increased significantly (p<0.05), in which fat content had an adverse change (p<0.05), when the dietary protein rose. (4) MDA concentration in liver and breast meat under hot humid (AT $33^{\circ}C$, RH 80%) treatment increased markedly (p<0.05). (5) High humidity could sharpen the bad effect of high temperature on performance, carcass yield and choice cuts, crude protein and moisture content in breast meat. It was concluded that a hot environment could affect the performance and meat quality of broiler chicks more significantly than CP level and that high humidity would aggravate the bad influence of high temperature on the broiler.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1993

The in vitro predictive tests in cancer chemotherapy of cancer cell lines to anticancer drugs were determined using novel dye exclusion assay [NDEA], [3H] thymidine incorporation, and clonogenic assay [CA>. Antitumor effect of Bleomycin, Cis-platin, Vinblastine, Methotrexate to HEp-2, B16 cell lines using rapid assays was compared with [CA> in this study. In dye exclusion assay of B l6 cell line, cancer cells were sensitive to Bleomycin at all concentrations, to Vinblastine at the level of peak plasma concentration [PPC], ${\times}1/10$ [PPC](P<0.05). And Bleomycin revealed relatively good cytotoxicity than that of CDDP and vinblastine at ${\times}10$[PPC], (P<0.05). HEp-2 cells were resistive to methotrexate at the level of ${\times}100$[PPC] (P<0.05) In [3H] thymidine incorporation assay, B 16 cells were sensitive to Bleomycin, CDDP, Vinblastine at the level of [PPC], ${\times}10$ [PPC](P<0.01). Dose-dependent drugs of bleomycin, CDDP were more sensitive than Vinblastine at high concentration (P<0.05). In clonogenic assay, HEp-2 cell line was sensitive to three drugs of all concentrations except ${\times}10$ [PPC] of CDDP. B 16 cell line was sensitive to all drugs(P<0,01). In comparison of chemosensitivity tests among three assays, the results were correlated(${\gamma}=0.99$, P<0.05).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.29-35
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• 1993

This study was performed to obtain optimal conditions for reduction of color in dye wastewaters using coagulation-sedimentation processes with redox reactions. The reduction of color as well as organic matters variation was observed after coagulation-sedimentation processes using FeSO$_4$ $\cdot$ 7H$_2$O and NaOCl. Coagulation-redox reaction was done with the dose of Coagulant and oxidant at various pH values. Redox reaction was done through jar-mixing and aeration. The results of study were as follows: 1. In the coagulation-sedimentation processes using FeSO$_4$ $\cdot$ 7H$_2$O, color reduction was heigher at pH 3. With variance of dosage of FeSO$_4$ $\cdot$ 7H$_2$O, color reduction was higher at 250 mg/l. When coagulation-sedimentation using FeSO$_4$ $\cdot$ 7H$_2$O 250 mg/l was added at pH 3, the reduction of color, COD$_{Mn}$, and COD$_{Cr}$ showed 47.6%, 21.3% and 22.1%, respectively. 2. When NaOCI was added at level of 100 ppm in raw wastewater at pH 3, the reduction of color, COD$_{Mn}$, and COD$_{Cr}$ showed 30.2%, 5.5% and 6.2%, respectively. 3. After coagulation-sedimentation processes by addition of FeSO$_4$ $\cdot$ 7H$_2$O, when NaOCl was added at level of 250 mg/l in supernant, color reduction was 47.8% in aeration and 37.5% in jar-mixing. 4. Color reduction by aeration was higher than that by jar-mixing.