• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2000

This study was designed to investigate the adsorption of heavy metal ions by untreated bark according to the treatment conditions of aqueous solution. The effect of temperature and pH of aqueous solution, particle size of bark, addition of light metal ions on the adsorption was examined, and the competition in adsorption among heavy metal ions was also evaluated. te The adsorption ratio of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ increased with increasing themperature of solution from $-5^{\circ}C$ to $10^{\circ}C$ however, it was relatively constant at temperatures between $10^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$. The adsorption ratio of $Cr^{6+}$ increased continuously with increasing the temperature of solution. The maximum adsorption ratio of $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$ was noted at pHs ranged 6 to 7; however, the adsorption ratio declined sharply on either sides of the optimum. The adsorption ratio of $Cr^{6+}$ decreased continuously with increasing the pH of solution. The adsorption ratio increased as decreasing the particle size of bark, and there was little differences in adsorption tendency between pine and oak bark. By the addition of $Ca^{2+}$ or $Mg^{2+}$(10~25 ppm), the adsorption ratio of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ increased. An increase of the adsorption ratio was higher in oak bark than in pine bark. However, the adsorption ratio of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cr^{6+}$ was not affected by the addition of light metal ions. As the mixed solution of 2 or 3 kinds of heavy metal ions($Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$) was treated with the untreated bark, the adsorption of $Zn^{2+}$ decreased considerably because of the competitive adsorption among heavy metal ions. Also the adsorption of $Cu^{2+}$ was more and less reduced. However the adsorption of $Pb^{2+}$ was not affected by the presence of other heavy metal ions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1640-1647
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• 2009

Two field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of difructose anhydride III (DFA III) as a supplement in colostrum replacer (CR) for improving the general health status (judged on the basis of incidence of enteritis, bronchitis, and pneumonia) of group-housed suckling Japanese Black calves. In a preliminary study, CR supplemented with DFA III (6 g) was orally administered within 24 h of calving to eight individually reared calves fed colostrum (DFA III group) (Exp. 1). Subsequently, CR supplemented with DFA III (6 g) was orally administered twice within 2 and 12 h of calving to four calves (DFA III group) that were not fed colostrum (Exp. 2). In both experiments, the health status of the calves was assessed during the preweaning period. In Exp. 2, hematological and blood-chemistry parameters were analyzed 24 h after the second administration of CR and at 1 wk and 1 month after calving. The results were compared between the DFA III and control groups (without DFA III supplementation; Exp. 1: n = 10, Exp. 2: n = 4). In Exp. 1, the number of calves requiring medications for the treatment of enteritis, bronchitis, and pneumonia during the preweaning period was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the DFA III group than in the control group. In Exp. 2, supplementation of DFA III did not influence the gain in body weight of calves during the pre-weaning period. Calves in the DFA III group tended to require medications for a shorter duration than those in the control group (DFA III: 10.3 d/calf, control: 21.3 d/calf; p = 0.07). Significant differences (p<0.05) in the level of mean corpuscular hemoglobin, total protein, total cholesterol, and immunoglobulin (Ig)G were observed between the DFA III and control groups. These differences probably reflect the health and nutritional status of the calves. Additionally, the serum iron and lactoferrin concentrations at 24 h and 1 wk after calving, respectively, differed significantly between the 2 groups. These concentrations might reflect the incidence of infections after calving. The present study revealed that the administration of DFA III as a CR supplement may prevent diseases in group-housed calves during the pre-weaning period.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2000

Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of culturing conditions DCI(Day required for Colonization after Inoculation), CR(Contamination Rate), MD(Mycelial Density), DPI(Day required for Primordial sclerotia formation after Inoculation), yields, and degree of the foreign materials formations in Poria cocos sclerotia. The upper and bottom side of wood logs were covered with gauze, rice hull and floating leaves, vinyl, or covering cloth in order to prevent foreign material formations in p. cocos. The major results were positive in the order of rice hull, floating leaf, vinyl, gauze, and covering cloth covered and dwindled. In case of the upper and bottom sides of the wood logs covered with rice hull, DCI required 50 days more when compared with the control group(45 days) and CR was 0%, while the control group showed 2% CR. MD was excellent in case of conventional methods as against control's. DPI required 17~20 days less when compared with the control group(82 days). Yields of p. cocos in case of the upper and bottom side of wood logs covered with rice hull were 5.87kg, which is 35.7% higher than that of the control group(4.33kg), and 5.62kg in the case of upper sides cover only(increased by 29.8% compared with control), and 5.59kg in the case of bottom side cover only(increased by 29.1% compared with control), and foreign materials were none. In a separate experiment, where the upper and bottom sides of wood logs were covered with rice hull to prevent the foreign material formation, the results were as follows : Sclerotia formation status and quality of P. cocos were effective in the order of 20cm, 40cm, and 60cm of buring depth and dwindled. In 20cm of burying depth, DCI was shortened by 5 days and CR was none, while the control group showed 2% CR. MD was remarkably fine at the mulched conditions. DPI was shortened by 20 days when compared with the control(62 days).

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.899-907
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• 2023

Objective: The better understanding of laying pattern of birds is crucial for developing breed-specific proper breeding scheme and management. Methods: Daily egg production until 50 wk of age of six chicken breeds including one layer (White Leghorn, WL), three dual-purpose (Rhode Island Red, RIR; Columbian Plymouth Rock, CR; and Barred Plymouth Rock, BR), one synthetic dwarf (DY), and one indigenous (Beijing-You Chicken, BYC) were used to characterize their clutch traits and egg production. The age at first egg, egg number, average and maximum clutch length, pause length, and number of clutches and pauses were calculated accordingly. Results: The egg number and average clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were higher than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The numbers of clutches and pauses, and pause length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were lower than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The coefficient variations of clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (57.66%, 66.49%, 64.22%, and 55.35%, respectively) were higher than DY (41.84%) and BYC (36.29%), while the coefficient variations of egg number in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (9.10%, 9.97%, 10.82%, and 9.92%) were lower than DY (15.84%) and BYC (16.85%). The clutch length was positively correlated with egg number (r = 0.51 to 0.66; p<0.01), but not correlated with age at first egg in all breeds. Conclusion: The six breeds showed significant different clutch and egg production traits. Due to the selection history, the high and median productive layer breeds had higher clutch length than those of the less productive indigenous BYC. The clutch length is a proper selection criterion for further progress in egg production. The age at first egg, which is independent of clutch traits, is especially encouraged to be improved by selection in the BYC breed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.663-667
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• 1996

Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) from Welsh onion was partially purified by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration and CM-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature of acid phosphatase from green onion were pH 5.5 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was the most stable at pH 6.0 and unstable above pH 9.0. The activation energy of the enzyme was determined to be 4.86kcal/mole. The enzyme utilized p-nitrophenyl phosphate most as a best substrate among tested possible substrates, while 5'-GMP and 5'-IMP were poor substrates for the enzyme. $K_{m.app.}$ of the enzyme with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate was identified as 0.87mM. Among metal ions and inhibitors tested, $Cr^{+++},\;Zn^{++},\;Cu^{++}$, molybdate and metavanadate ions inhibited the enzyme reaction drastically.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 2003

The co-precipitation method is applied to synthesize the cathode material Li[L $i_{x}$M $n_{1-x-y}$C $r_{y}$ ] $O_2$ for lithium rechargeable batteries at $650^{\circ}C$ (CR650) and 8$50^{\circ}C$ (CR850), respectively. Rietveld indices indicate that $R_{wp}$ with respect to $R_{exp}$ ( $R_{wp}$/ $R_{exp}$) are 9.2%/10.1% for CR650 and 15.9%/9.76% for CR850, respectively. $R_{B}$ and S (GofF) shows 10.9%, 8.54% and 1.9, 1.6, respectively. Rietveld structure refinement reveals that layer structure of LiMn $O_2$ (R3m) coexists with lower symmetry of Li[L $i_{1}$3/M $n_{2}$3/] $O_2$ (C2/c) due to superlattice ordering of Li and Mn in metal-transition containing layers. Unit-cell parameters are calculated as a=2.8520(2)$\AA$, c=14.248(2)$\AA$, V=100.40(l)$\AA^3$ for CR650, and a=2.8504(1)$\AA$, c=14.2371(7)$\AA$, V=100.179(8)$\AA^3$ for CR850. Final chemistry is obtained as Li[L $i_{0.35}$M $n_{0.56}$C $r_{0.09}$] $O_2$ (CR650) and Li[L $i_{0.27}$M $n_{0.61}$C $r_{0.13}$] $O_2$ (CR850), respectively.y...y..vely.y...y..

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2009.08a
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• pp.338-338
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• 2009

• Journal of Breast Cancer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.433-4341
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) on recurrence and survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients with cytology-proven axillary node metastasis. Methods: We selected patients who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis and were treated with NAC followed by curative surgery between January 2007 and December 2014. We classified patients into three groups: group A, negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) status and no further dissection; group B, negative SLN status with backup axillary lymph node dissection (ALND); and group C, no residual axillary metastasis on pathology with standard ALND. Results: The median follow-up time was 51 months (range, 3-122 months) and the median number of retrieved SLNs was 5 (range, 2-9). The SLN identification rate was 98.3% (234/238 patients), and the false negative rate of SLNB after NAC was 7.5%. There was no significant difference in axillary recurrence-free survival (p=0.118), disease-free survival (DFS; p=0.578) or overall survival (OS; p=0.149) among groups A, B, and C. In the subgroup analysis of breast pathologic complete response (pCR) status, there was no significant difference in DFS (p=0.271, p=0.892) or OS (p=0.207, p=0.300) in the breast pCR and non-pCR patients. Conclusion: These results suggest that SLNB can be feasible and oncologically safe after NAC for cytology-determined axillary node metastasis patients and could help reduce arm morbidity and lymphedema by avoiding ALND in SLN-negative patients.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.397-401
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• 2016

A lean alloy is defined as a low alloy steel with a minimum amount of the alloying element that maintains the characteristics of the sintered alloy. It is well known that the addition of elements such as Cr, P, Si, or Mn improves the mechanical characteristics of the alloy, but decreases the sinterability. The mother alloy is used to avoid an oxidation reaction with the alloying elements of Cr, P, Si or Mn. The purpose of this study is to determine the change in the mechanical properties of Fe-P-Mo and Fe-P-Mn alloys as a result of the addition of Si. In this article, the Fe-P-Mo and Fe-P-Mn alloys to which Si is added are compacted at $7.0g/cm^3$ and then sintered in $H_2-N_2$ at $1120^{\circ}C$. The P around the macropores and large grains reduces due to the formation of $SiO_2$ as the Si content increases. This is caused by the increase in strength owing to reducing intergranular fracture by suppressing the reaction with oxygen.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2000

The preparative methods of a chitosan-deposited activated carbon and its characteristics were studied by using three kinds of chitosan with different degree of deacetylation and average molecular weight. The procedure was consisted of the dissolution of chitosan into acid solution, impregnation of activated carbon, agitation, evaporation, and drying. When the chitosan-dissolved acid and its concentration, amounts of chitosan deposited, and agitation conditions were changed, the specific surface area, deposition state on surface, and stability were investigated, and amounts of Cr(VI) adsorbed was measured. In the preparation process, it was proper to agitate the chitosan-dissolved acetic acid solution at room temperature for 1hr. In the deposition of chitosan with low molecular weight, the specific surface area of activated carbon was greatly decreased even at low chitosan loading, but in the case of high molecular weight it was not nearly changed to 10wt% loading. It was known that chitosan was uniformly and physically deposited on activated carbon. The chitosan-deposited activated carbon was stable into the solution over about pH 6. The removal of Cr(VI) was remarkably enhanced by adding the adsorption function of chitosan to the surface of activated carbon with about 5wt% chitosan. It may be therefore used as an adsorbent for removing the pollutants in air and wastewater.