• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1164-1169
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• 2001

A five-week trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic chromium from different sources on growth performance, immune response and serum parameters of weaned pigs. One hundred and eighty Tianjin white pigs weaned at $35{\pm}1$ days of age, were allotted to three treatments with six replicates and10 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed corn-soybean-whey-fishmeal basal diets with either no supplemental Cr, $200{\mu}g/kg$ Cr as chromium picolinate (CrPi), or $200{\mu}g/kg$ Cr as chromium yeast (Cr-yeast). To assess humoral immune response, all pigs were immunized with swine fever virus on day 21 and two pigs from each pen were immunized with pure albumin on day 14. Cell-mediated immunity was measured by determining the double skinfold thickness (DST) of two pigs from each pen before and 24h after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on day 28. The results indicated that: (1) diets with Cr-yeast increased average daily gain (ADG, p<0.05) and tended to increase average daily feed intake (ADFI, p<0.10). Diets with CrPi did not increase ADG and ADFI (p>0.05). (2) Dietary CrPi or Cr-yeast supplementation did not affect blood urea nitrogen, glucose, or cholesterol (p>0.05), but blood urea nitrogen in CrPi and Cr-yeast supplemented groups and blood glucose in the Cr-yeast supplemented group were significantly influenced by sampling days (p<0.05). (3) Serum proteins (TP, ALB, and GLB) were influenced by sampling days (p<0.05), but not by dietary Cr treatment (p>0.10). (4) There were no significant differences among treatments in the titers of albumin antibody and swine fever virus antibody (p>0.05) or DST before and after PHA stimulation (p>0.05), indicating that organic chromium has no significant effect on the immune function of weaning pigs. Therefore, these results agree with other research that the effects of supplemental Cr are variable in weanling pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.853-860
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of chromium (Cr), dietary crude protein (CP) level and potential interactions between these two factors on growth rate and carcass response, insulin activity and lipid metabolism in lambs. Forty-eight, 9-week-old weaned lambs (Dorper$\times$Small-tail Han sheep, mean initial body weight = $22.96kg{\pm}2.60kg$) were used in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 ppb, Cr0; 400 ppb, Cr1; or 800 ppb, Cr2 from chromium yeast) and CP levels (157 g/d to 171 g/d for each animal, LP; or 189 g/d to 209 g/d for each animal, HP). Growth data and blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the feed trial, after which the lambs were killed. Both Cr additive groups and the HP group increased final weight and average daily gain, especially the Cr1 and HP group (p<0.01). HP increased pelvic fat weight (p<0.05), fat thickness of the 10th rib (p<0.05), longissimus muscle area (p<0.01) and rate of deposition of intramuscular fat (p<0.01). Supplemental Cr decreased the rate of deposition of intramuscular fat (p<0.05). Fasting insulin level and the ratio of insulin to glucose were lower with Cr1 than other groups, but with no significant difference. Glucose concentration was not affected by any treatment. Nonesterified fatty acids increased in the Cr1 (p<0.05) and HP (p<0.05) conditions and there was a significant $Cr{\times}CP$ interaction (p<0.05). Cr1 decreased triglycerides (p<0.05) and total cholesterol (p = 0.151) and HP increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). Cr1 decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue (aLPL, p<0.05) and the ratio of aLPL to lipoprotein lipase activity in skeletal muscle (mLPL, p = 0.079). mLPL and hepatic lipase (hHL) were not affected by any treatment. In the present study, Cr had limited effects on growth rate and carcass response, whereas Cr and CP had some notable effects on plasma metabolites and enzyme activities. Cr has a potential effect on energy modulation between lipid and muscle tissue. In addition, few $Cr{\times}CP$ interactions were observed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1414-1419
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• 2009

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of trivalent chromium from different sources on growth, carcass composition, and serum parameters in finishing pigs. Ninety-six crossbred pigs with an initial average body weight of 65.57${\pm}$1.05 kg were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to four treatments with three replicates. Pigs were offered one of four diets including a control diet or the control diet supplemented with 200 ${\mu}g/kg$ chromium from either chromium chloride ($CrCl_{3}$), chromium picolinate (CrPic) or chromium nanocomposite (CrNano) for 40 days. After completion of the feeding trial, eight pigs from each treatment were selected to collect blood samples, and slaughtered to measure carcass composition. The results showed that supplemental chromium had no significant effect on growth performance, while CrNano increased carcass lean proportion and loin Longissimus muscle area (p<0.05), and decreased carcass fat proportion and 10th rib backfat depth (p<0.05). CrPic supplementation also resulted in lower fat proportion and larger Longissimus muscle area (p<0.05). The addition of Cr from CrNano or CrPic decreased serum glucose (p<0.05) and increased concentrations of total protein and free fat acid in serum (p<0.05). Serum urea nitrogen, triglyceride and cholesterol were decreased (p<0.05), and serum high density lipoprotein and lipase activity were increased (p<0.05) with the supplementation of CrNano. Serum insulin was decreased (p<0.05) by supplemental Cr from CrNano or CrPic, and serum insulin-like growth factor I was increased significantly in the CrNano treated group. These results suggest that chromium nanocomposite has higher efficacy on carcass composition in pigs compared to the traditional chromium sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1997

Objectives of this study was to investigate effects of supplemental chromium (Cr) as CrP in growing pigs treated with pST. Seventy two Landrace pigs weighing average 60 kg were alloted to the three treatments during the 52-d experimental period: control (corn-soybean basal diet); pST treatment (4 mg/head/day); pST + CrP treatment (4 mg and 200 ppb/head/day). Upon termination of feeding trial weighing average 105 kg, thirty-six pigs randomly selected from each treatment were slaughtered to compare carcass traits. For the study of lipid metabolism, eighteen pigs were alloted to the same treatments. Adipose tissue samples from eighteen pigs were collected to investigate lipid metabolism. All treated samples with pST and pST + CrP showed improvements in daily weight gain, regardless of sex. Feed/gain ratio significantly improved in pigs treated with pST and pST + CrP. Dressing percentages were higher in pigs treated with pST and pST + Crp. Carcass grades were significantly higher in pigs treated with pST and pST + CrP. Lipolysis of adipose tissue measured in vitro was significantly increased in pigs treated with pST, lipogenesis in vitro showed opposite tendency. Even though the current data does not show synergistic effects on the above parameters when CrP and pST were supplied at the same time, but CrP supplementation tended to improve growth performance and carcass traits of pigs treated with pST.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.419-426
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• 2002

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of chromium picolinate(CrP) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and plasma components in Holstein bulls. In trial Ⅰ, eight finishing Holstein bulls(300${\pm}$6.99Kg) were allocated to 2 treatments(control and 0.05% CrP) with 4 replication for 10-months. In results, growth performance was not affected by CrP addition. The plasma insulin concentration in 0.05% CrP group was about 2 times higher than the control group of Holstein bulls. The levels of plasma NEFA were significantly decreased to 59.00 mEq/dl with 0.05% CrP treatment(P<0.05), but the levels of plasma glucose and PUN were not altered by 0.05% CrP treatment. The grade of carcass was not different between control and 0.05% CrP group, but back fat thickness in 0.05% CrP group was increased in 22.33% compared with control group. In trial 2, fifteen growing- finishing Holstein bulls(160${\pm}$4.63Kg) were allocated to 3 treatments(control, 0.025% CrP and 0.05% CrP) with 5 replication for 14-months. During the overall experimental period, growth performance was not affected by CrP levels. The levels of hormone and metabolites were not affected by CrP supplementa- tion. The carcass characteristics were not different between control and treatment. These results show that the CrP may have no effects for beef cattle production because of degradation of CrP conjugation in the rumen. However treatment of short term provide a possibility the effects of development for lipogenesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.355-362
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate effects of either organic or inorganic sources of both chromium and copper on growth performances, nutrients digestibility and fecal Cr, Cu, and Zn excretion in growing pigs. A total of 36 growing pigs((Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc, weighing 61.2kg in average) were allotted to 4 treatments with 3 replicates and 3 pigs per replicate. Four treatments were designated by supplemental sources of both chromium and copper as follows: ①200ppb Cr as Cr-methionine chelate(CrMet) and 200ppm Cuas copper methionine chelate(CuMet), ②200ppb Cr as CrMet and 200ppm Cu as copper sulfate(CuSO4), ③200ppb Cr as chromium chloride(CrCl3) and 200ppm Cu as CuMet, ④200ppb Cr as CrCl3 and 200ppm Cu as CuSO4. Growth performance was highest(p<0.05) in CrMet and CuMet supplemented diet treatment. Nutrients digestibility of diets was lowest(p<0.05) in CrMet and CuSO4 supplemented diet treatment, and highest(p<0.05) in CrMet and CuMet supplemented diet treatment. Fecal copper, zinc and chromium excretion was highest(p<0.05) in CrCl3 and CuSO4 supplementation treatment and lowest(p<0.05) in CrMet and CuMet supplementation treatment. This study showed a relatively high degree of utilization of Cr and Cu as well as Zn by supplementation of CrMet and CuMet compared with those of the inorganic sources.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.583-588
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• 2003

Cation exchange capacity of clay, white clay and zeolite was measured by the adsorption test for 3 different heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Zn) standard solutions whose concentrations were varied by 10, 20, 30 ppm and pH were varied by 3, 5, 7, 9, respectively. The adsorption rate of Cd and Zn increased with increasing pH and slowly increased with increasing pH above pH 5. However, adsorption rate of Cr did not increase with increasing pH. Especially, Cr adsorption rate of the mixture of clay and white clay at pH 5 showed an half decrease compared to that at pH 3. The adsorption rate of mixed heavy metal solutions was in the order of Cd, Zn > Cr; however, the order was changed by Fe>Pb, Cu>Cr>Zn>Cd in case of Cu, Fe and Pb addition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.258-262
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• 2001

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chromium picolinate (CrP) on growth, carcass characteristics and serum metabolites in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 96 Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc hybrid pigs, initial live weight about $38.12{\pm}00kg$, were randomly assigned to 2 groups (16 pigs per pen, 3 pens per group), each group had 48 pigs with an equal number of barrows and gilts. The pigs were fed the diet with or without $200{\mu}g/kg$ Cr from CrP. The results indicated that the addition of $200{\mu}g/kg$ CrP increased ADG by 3.58% and decreased feed conversion rate (FCR) by 3.00% compared to the control group. Pigs fed CrP had 7.58% (p<0.05) higher carcass lean percentage, 15.55% (p<0.05) larger longissimus muscle area (LMA) and 10.90% (p<0.05) lower back fat thickness, 15.17% (p<0.05) lower carcass fat percentage. In addition, the IGF-I level in serum was elevated by 79.20% (p<0.05), the Insulin and cortisol level decreased by 27.35% (p<0.05) and 34.58% (p<0.05) respectively with supplementation of CrP. Analysis of subcutaneous fat (10th rib) showed that the activity of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) increased by 79.58% (p<0.05) and the activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ISD) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) decreased significantly by 15.06% (p<0.05) and 54.53% (p<0.05) respectively in the $200{\mu}g/kg$ CrP group. The concentration of RNA, RNA/DNA in LMA increased by 31.89% (p<0.05) and 5.41% (p<0.05) respectively with the addition of CrP. These results suggest that CrP reduced fat deposits by decreasing lipogenic enzyme activities and increasing HSL activity and may have promoted muscle anabolic metabolism through elevated IGF-I levels.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.133-140
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• 2019

The effects of thermal cycle conditions on the bonding strength and crack propagation behaviors in electroplated Cr/electroplated Ni-P coatings were systematically evaluated. 1^st heat treatment was performed at 500℃ for 3 hours after electroplating Ni-P, and then, 2^nd heat treatment was performed at 750℃ for 6 hours after electroplating Cr. The measured bonding strength by ASTM C633 were around 25.6 MPa before thermal cycling, while it increased to 47.6 MPa, after 1,000 cycles. Increasing thermal cycles led to dominant fail mode with cohesive failure inside adhesive, which seemed to be closely related to the increasing bonding strength possibly not only due to higher Cr surface roughness, but also to penetrated channeling crack density. Also, increasing density of penetrated channeling cracks in electroplating Cr layer led to slightly stronger bonding strength due to mechanical interlocking effects of adhesive inside channeling cracks.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 1995

We produced $(Co_{93}Cr_{7})-P-Ni$ thin films for longitudinal magnetic recording media using OC magnetron sputtering system The variation of magnetic properties of $(Co_{93}Cr_{7})-P-Ni$ pseudo-ternary system with the composition was examined. We obtained the coercivity up to 1500 Oe. The coercivity iocrease could be ascribed to in-plane anisotropy enhaocement, grain size decrease, magnetic decoupling between particles. TEM micrographs showed that the grains were well-decoupled by the addition of phosphorous.