• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1727-1735
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• 2013

This study is carried out to investigate the analysis of nutrition and antioxidants of soybean Chungkukjang powder (SCP), Yak-Kong Chungkukjang powder (YCP) and Yak-Kong Chungkukjang powder added black foods (YCBP) for the management of Alzheimer's disease. The water content of YCBP was higher than that of SCP and YCP. The soluble and crude protein contents of YCP were the highest among three Chungkukjang powders. In SCP, YCP and YCBP, the ratios of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids were 5.17, 5.76, and 5.78, respectively. The mineral content of SCP was higher than that of YCP and YCBP. Antioxidants analysis showed that the content of diadzein was the highest in YCP and genistein, and anthocyanin contents were higher than the others in YCBP. In conclusion, YCP and YCBP had higher contents than SCP in soluble and crude proteins, and unsaturated fatty acids, which are needed for composition and function of the brain tissue. Also, it was found that the contents of diadzein, genistein and anthocyanin with outstanding antioxidative ability were high. Thus, this study suggests that Chungkukjang powder, which is made with Yak-Kong, black sesame, black rice and sea tangle, can be utilized for in vivo experiment for the control of oxidative stress, reported as cause and therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 1997

포유류 배반포배의 epiblast는 내세포괴에 포함되어 있으며, 이 epiblast cells이 배 및 태아의 생식세포와 일반 체세포로 분화된다 (Beddington, 1986; Lawson 등, 1991). 그런데 조기에 발달된 부화배반포기 배가 지연발생된 부화배반포기 배보다도 많은 epiblast cells을 가지고 있다고 한다(Talbot 등, 1995). 그래서 본 연구에서는 체외수정 유래의 배반포배의 발육속도에 따른 내세포괴/영양배엽세포의 비율 및 배아간세포 확립 효율을 비교하여 발달일령 간에 차이가 있는지를 규명하고자 하였다. 공시한 소의 난포란을 TCM-199에 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml FSH, 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH, 10% FBS, 100 units/ml penicilin, 및 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml streptomycin을 첨가하여 39$^{\circ}C$, 5% CO2 조건하에서 24시간 동안 체외성숙한 후, 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml heparin으로 수정능이 획득된 1$\times$106 sperm/ml의 정자로 체외수정을 유도하였다. 체외수정 후 18~20시간에 과립막세포를 vortexing으로 제거하여 얻은 모든 체외수정란을 3mg/ml BSA, 20${\mu}\ell$/ml NEM amino acids, 40${\mu}\ell$/ml BME amino acids, 10mM glycine 및 1mM alanine이 함유된 CR1aa 배양액에서 BRL 단층세포와 공배양을 실시하였다. 수정후 7, 8 및 9일재 (체외수정일 : 0일)에 확장배반포기까지 발달한 수정란을 이중염색 및 배아간세포의 확립 실험에 공시하였다. 체외수정후 24시간에 분할된 총 1,145개의 수정란이 7, 8 및 9일째에 후기 배반포기까지 각각 222(15.6%), 103(7.2%) 및 52(3.6%)로 발달하여 총 377개 (26.4%)가 발달하였다. 내세포괴/영양배엽세포의 비율은 7일 및 8일째 배반포배에서 각각 47.2$\pm$11.9/95.1$\pm$24.4개 (33/67%) 및 40.3$\pm$12.4/83.3$\pm$26.9개 (33/67%)로서 9일째 배반포배의 19.3$\pm$8.1/62.3$\pm$23.1개 (24/76%) 보다 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높았다. ES-like cells을 확립하기 위하여 후기배반포기 배를 mouse embryonic fibroblast 단층 공배양기에 옮긴 후 5일에 내세포괴의 부착 여부를 판정하고, 10일에 배아간세포의 확립 여부를 판정하였다. 그 결과 7, 8 및 9일째의 배반포기배의 각각 47.7% (82/172), 30.9%(22/71) 및 15.6%(5/32)에서 배아간세포가 확립되었다. 이상의 결과에서 배반포기까지의 발육이 빠른 수정란에서 영양배엽에 대한 내세포괴세포의 비율이 높았고 배아간세포의 확립율도 높다는 사실을 입증할 수 있었으며, 이와 같은 결과에서 체외수정란 유래 배반포배의 질을 결정할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.93-97
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of various inorganic and organic materials to improve physical properties of soil. Saline sodic soil (saturation percentage = 40.36%, $EC_e=5.15dS\;m^{-1}$, $pH_s=8.70$, $SAR=18.84(m\;mol\;L^{-1})^{1/2}$, bulk density =$1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$) was collected, brought to wire house and filled in pots after laboratory analysis for various parameters. Different sources of organic nutrients like farm manure (FM), press mud, compost, poultry manure and sesbania green manure were analyzed for their chemical composition. The experiment comprised of 12 treatments replicated thrice; $T_1$: control (recommended NPK), $T_2:{\frac{1}{2}}$ recommended NPK, $T_3$: FM at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_4$: pressmud at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_5$: compost at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_6$: poultry manure at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_7$: sesbania green manure at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_8:T_2$ + FM at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_9:T_2$ + pressmud at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{10}:T_2$ + compost at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{11}:T_2$ + poultry manure at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{12}:T_2$ + sesbania green manure at 0.75% by soil weight. These treatments were applied using completely randomized (CR) design and appropriate time was given to decompose these organic nutritional sources. Seeds of wheat cultivar Sahar-2006 were sown. After harvesting the wheat, soil samples were collected from each pot and analyzed for various physical properties like bulk density, porosity and saturation percentage. An improvement in physical properties (bulk density, porosity and saturation percentage) of soil was noticed with the application of various organic nutritional sources but role of compost alone ($T_5$) remained prominent.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.182-192
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• 1985

[here are so many reports that pulsatile blood flow provides physiologic organ perfusions during cardiopulmonary bypass. So, we compared the recent 30 cases undergoing cardiac surgery by Cobe-Stckert pulsatile roller pump with another 30 cases by Polystan nonpulsatile roller pump. Pulsatile flow was applied during aortic-cross clamping period when synchronized to internal EKG simulator, and perfusion mode was changed to continuous nonpulsatile flow after declamping of aorta. Age, sex, weight, and disease entities were comparable and operative techniques were similar between two groups. 1. There were no differences in average ACC time, ECC time, and Operation time. 2. Postoperative artificial respiration time was 6hrs 30mins in nonpulsatile group and 4hrs 48mins in pulsatile group, and detubation time after ventilator weaning was 2hrs 44mins in nonpulsatile group and 1hrs 43mins in pulsatile group. 3. Average pulse pressure was 8mmHg in nonpulsatile group and 55mmHg in pulsatile group, and a mean arterial pressure was 66.0mmHg in nonpulsatile group and 60.7mmHg in pulsatile group. 4. Mean urine-output during ACC;ECC period was 9.717.3;9.913.2ml/kg/hr in nonpulsatile group and 14.215.0;15.817.5 in pulsatile group [p<0, 05], and thereafter progressive decrease of differences in urine output between two groups until POD 2, and lesser amounts of diuretics was needed in pulsatile group during same postoperative period. Serum BUN/Cr level showed no specific difference and urine concentration power was well preserved in both groups. 5. Plasma proteins and other Enzymes showed no differences between two groups, but serum GOT/GPT level was higher in nonpulsatile group till POD 2. 6. Serum Electrolytes showed no differences between two groups. 7. WBC, RBC, Platelet counts, Hgb and Hct were not different and Coagulogram was well preserved in both groups. 8. Plasma free Hgb level was 7.09mg% in pulsatile group compared with 3.48mg% in pulsatile group on POD 1 but was normalized on POD 2. Gross hemoglobinuria after ECC was noted in 6 cases [20%] of pulsatile group and 4 cases [13%] of nonpulsatile group. 9. In both groups, most patients were included in NYHA class III to IV [28 cases;93% in nonpulsatile group, 22 cases;73% in pulsatile group] preoperatively, and well improved to class I to 11[22 cases; 73% in nonpulsatile group, 30 cases; 100% in pulsatile group] postoperatively. There were 7 operative mortalities in nonpulsatile group only, which were 5 cases of TOF with hepatic failure, 1 case of multiple VSDs with low out-put syndrome, and 1 case of mitral valvular heart disease with cardiomyopathy. We concluded that the new, commercially available Cobe-Stckert pulsatile roller pump device was safe, simple, and reliable.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to evaluate the soil quality to cultivate crops in urban garden.METHODS AND RESULTS: During the period of six month from March to August 2015, measured eight heavy metals, seven Organic items and Fluorine on seventeen urban sites and thirty-one suburban sites in Gwangju city.METHODS AND RESULTS: The average concentration and range of heavy metal in soil are 0.15 mg/kg(ND-0.6) for Cd, 14.9 mg/kg(1.5-33.3) for Cu, 4.4 mg/kg(0.4-71.8) for As, 0.05 mg/kg(ND-1.366) for Hg, 24.7 mg/kg(13.1-62.7) for Pb, 102.5 mg/kg(49.1-276.4) for Zn and 9.2 mg/kg(ND-90.1) for Ni but Cr⁶⁺ is not detected. The average value and range of soil fertility items are 253.5mg/kg(76.6-1766.0) for fluorine, 6.4(4.8-7.7) for pH, 20.3 g/kg(5.0-44.0) for orangic matters, 562.7 mg/kg (28.0-1672.0) for available phosphate, 0.6 cmol⁺/kg (0.1-2.3) for K, 9.7 cmol⁺/kg (2.7-22.0) for Ca, 3.0 cmol⁺/kg (0.9-7.4) for Mg, 1.0 ds/m(0.2-2.9) for conductivity. The concentration of Hg in Suburban area is 0.005 mg/kg lower than 0.134 mg/kg in urban area. Also, the concentration of As, Cd, Ni and Zn is lower than urban area as 32%, 37%, 51%, 71% respectively.CONCLUSION: According to SPI index of soil contamination, 39 sites are first degree and 8 sites are second degree and 1 site(41th) is fourth degree. Pb and Cd are not detected and As is detected tiny amounts in plants grown polluted soil, so heavy metals have not moved to plants.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2006

The objective of this research is to evaluate various reclamation methods of sewage sludge cake after treating with microwave under optimum conditions. In this study the sewage sludge cakes used from S and N wastewater treatment plants in the P city. Microwave with an induced electricity heating way was employed for dehydration of sewage sludge cake. Microwave operation conditions is 2,450 MHz of frequency and the power with 1 to 4 kW. This sewage sludge cake had a moisture content of 70%. The moisture content of the sludge decreased notable up to 2%(wt) resulted in breaking of cell wall. When the treated sewage sludge cake mixed with soils could be applied to use midterm and last cover material soils. Moreover, the adsorption ability of heavy metals such as copper, lead, chromium and cadmium was greatly enhanced by treated sewage sludge cake. Within 30 minutes, 1ppm of copper, chromium and cadmium and 10ppm of lead with 1g of the treated sewage sludge cake in $100m{\ell}$ were below detection. It was possible to use the treated sewage sludge cake as an absorbent for absorption of toxic heavy metals. Results from this research indicated that using of microwave radiation was an effective method for treating sewage sludge cake economically and environmental. A point of view of reclamation, the treated sewage sludge cake appeared to be feasible with an adsorption of heavy metals in steady of using expensive yellow earth.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.859-863
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• 2008

축산폐수, 침출수 등의 고농도 폐수를 생물학적으로 처리할 경우 최종 방류수는 강한 색도를 띠며 고분자량의 유기물질을 다량 함유한다. 이는 생물학적으로 분해하기 어려운 유기성 복합체와 생화학적 반응에 의한 중간생성물로 색도를 띠는 천연유기물질(NOM)을 포함한다. 생물학적 처리수의 색도는 심미적인 불안감, 방류수역의 수질오염 및 공중보건상의 잠재적 위해성을 갖는다. 또한, 수자원 이용측면에서 정수처리공정에서의 약품투입량 증가와 특히, 소독부산물 생성이라는 잠재적 문제점이 뒤따른다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 해소하기 위한 생물학적 2차 처리수의 후속처리가 요구되며, 실제로 난분해성 유기물과 색도를 제거하기 위한 흡착, 막 분리, 고급산화(AOP) 및 화학적 응집 등의 물리-화학적 공정에 대한 연구가 수행되어왔다. 특히, 화학적 응집은 무기응집제 또는 고분자중합체(Polymer)를 이용하여 콜로이드성 입자와 색도를 띠는 난분해성 유기물을 전기적 불안정화를 유도함으로서 흡착 및 응집과정을 통해 제거하는 공정으로 많은 연구자들에 의해 연구되어왔다. 그러나 난분해성 유기물과 색도제거는 대상원수의 성상과 화학적 특성 등에 따라 각각의 제거효율과 최적 운전조건이 상이하게 나타난다. 화학적 응집공정은 비교적 높은 제거효율을 보이지만, 운전 및 유지관리의 기술적 어려움, 경제적 비효율성 등으로 인하여 적용에 어려움을 겪고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 생물학적 혐기-호기성 공정에서 방류되는 축산폐수의 2차 처리수를 대상으로 화학적 응집에 의한 색도 및 난분해성 유기물의 제거거동을 고찰하였다. 대상 처리수의 $TCOD_{Cr}$ 농도는 평균 410 mg/L인 반면, $BOD_5$는 7-15 mg/L 범위로 난분해성 유기물을 다량 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이에 황산알루미늄(Aluminium sulfate; $Al_2(SO_4){\cdot}14H_2O$)과 염화철(ferric chloride)의 무기응집제를 이용하여 자 테스트(jar test)를 수행한 결과, 동일한 응집제 주입량에서 염화철의 유기물 제거 효율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 황산알루미늄과 염화철의 경우 각각의 응집제 주입율 5.85mM에서 89%, 7.03mM에서 97.5%의 최대 유기물 제거효율을 보여주었으며, 이 때 최종 pH는 4.0-5.6 범위이었다. 한편, 대상 원수 내의 콜로이드성 입자 또는 용존성 유기물의 작용기(functional group)는 일반적으로 음으로 하전 되어 있어 응집에 의해 잘 제거되지 않는 특성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 과량의 응집제를 주입하여 다가의 양이온성 금속염을 흡착시켜 전기적으로 중화시키고, 생성된 침전성 수화물 내에 포획 또는 여과시켜 제거하게 된다. 이 때, 금속염 수화종의 전하밀도가 응집효율에 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있는데, 다가의 양이온은 전기적 이중층(Double layer) 압축에 의한 불안정화를 향상시킬 수 있기 때문에다. 또한, 2가 금속염은 색도유발물질과 흡착하여 humate 또는 fulvate 등의 착화합물(complex)을 형성시켜 응집효율을 향상시킬 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 생물학적 2차 처리수의 화학적 응집처리에 있어서 알루미늄염 등의 다가이온 첨가가 응집에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고, 후속되는 플록형성 및 침전공정에 의한 제거효율을 비교, 평가함으로써 2차 처리수로부터 난분해성 유기물과 색도를 보다 효과적이고 경제적으로 제거할 수 있는 최적인자를 도출하고자 하였다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 1996

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of water treatment sludge (WTS) on the growth of soybean and carrot, and uptake of some inorganic components in the plants. WTS was incorporated to field at the rates of 0, 1, 3, and 5 tons per 10a on the basis of dry weight. With the application of the sludge, OM and CEC in the soil increased slightly while the concentration of available phosphorous decreased. And heavy metals, including Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg, were not detected at the harvest stage in crops. With an increase in the application of the sludge, the concentration of phosphorous in the seed of soybean and the root of carrot tended to be decreased. There seems no correlation between rate of application of the sludge and uptake of Al in the plants. The yield of soybean was the highest when applied to one ton sludge and the yield on carrot increased with an increase in rate of applied sludge. Also, the concentration of carotene increased with an increased application of the sludge. But, application of WTS showed to deteriorate the visual quality with an irregularity of carrot's surface. This results indicate that application of WTS will be give a positive and negative effects on soil and crops.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 2012

In order to evaluate the relationship of between the contents of inorganic elements in shellfish and surface sediments, we measured the concentration of inorganic elements (As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Zn) in various shellfish and surface sediments of research area. The enrichment factor (EF) and the index of accumulation rate (Igeo) of the metals showed that the research areas can be classified as moderately polluted, or unpolluted. And also we measured the geochemical characteristics of surface sediments(grain size, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS). The grain sizes for research areas of surface sediment were similar the ratio of silt and clay in comparison with other sites. The COD and IL in surface sediment ranged from 5.41 to 14.06 mg/g. d.w. (mean $8.78{\pm}3.16$ mg/g d.w.) and from 0.92 to 3.17% (mean $2.08{\pm}0.86%$), respectively. Siginificant differences in metal concentrations also were determinated in the shellfish tissue among the different sites. However, except for metals(Mn, Zn), which showed some elevation of concentrations, the variations in the shellfish tissue were not related to variations in the sediment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.27-39
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• 1997

This study, collaborated Gifu University, Japan, was performed to analyze chemical pollutants and microorganism and to clarify the distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria and their insolubilization of heavy metal ions in leachates sampled seasonally between 1994 and 1996 from Nanjido waste landfill site, sampled 4 times between 1995 and 1996 from Pusan and Daejeon waste landfill site, and sampled 1 time between 1992 and 1994 from Hokkaido, Nagoya, Osaka and Hukuoka waste landfill site in Japan. The results were as follows: 1. The temperatures of internal leachate and leachate effluent were 40$\circ$C and 30$\circ$C, respectively, and the pH values of both leachates were about 8.0 at Nanjido waste landfill site. The concentration of SO$_4^{-2}$ gradually increased with the degree of stabilization and that of NO$_3$-N was detected in a part of sampling sites at one and half years, and in all sampling sites at 3 years after completion of landfill. 2. The organic substances in leachate of Nanjido waste landfill site decreased with the degree of stabilization and they were very fluctuated with measuring point and time. The concentration of organic substance and heavy metals in internal leachate were higher than in leachate effluent and those of Cd, Hg, and Pb were lower than detection limit except a part of samples in 1996. 3. APCs in internal leachate and leachate effluent were not much different and the minimum of APCs in internal leachate and leachate effluent were $1.0\times 10^4$/ml and $4.0\times 10^1$/ml, respectively. 4. The maximums of SRBs in Nanjido, Pusan, and Daejeon waste landfill site were 9180 MPN/ml, 24000 MPN/ml, and 348 MPN/ml, respectively and the maximum of SRBs in Japan waste landfill site was 9300 MPN/ml. 5. During 2-week-SRB culture, the values of MPN were high at 50$\circ$C for initial culture period and at 30$\circ$C for last culture period. MPN started to appear at first day and rapidly increased between 7th day and 9th day. 6. Cadmium and copper were insolubilized by SRB within 6 hr and iron and zinc were done within 48 hr. The rates of insolubilization of Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, T-Cr were 100%, 99.5%, 95.0%, 99.8%, 16.1% after 48 hr treatment with SRB, respectively.