• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.473-487
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• 2011

We attempted to define the sources of sodium intake for the Korean population at prepared dish level to provide a basis for developing sustainable nutrition policies and feasible programs for sodium intake reduction. Dietary intake data from 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used in the analysis for sodium intake sources. Sodium intake from individual dish consumed by each subject was calculated and used in delineating major sodium sources at dish and dish group level for sub-populations of different sex and age. Also, sodium intake was compared between eaters and non-eaters of some specific dish groups with considerable contribution to total sodium intake. The number of subjects included in the analysis was 18,022 and mean sodium intake was 4,600 mg/capita/day. Major sources of sodium intake at dish group level were in the following order: kimchi (1125 mg, 24.5%), noodles (572 mg, 12.4%), soups (488 mg, 10.6%), stews (399 mg, 8.7%), and cooked rice (284 mg, 6.2%). The magnitude of contribution to total sodium intake by soups and stews was different by age group. Sodium intake difference between eaters and non-eaters was much larger for kimchi group (2,343 mg for male, 1,452 mg for female) than for soups or stews. Interaction between consumption of aforementioned specific dish groups and age was highly significant (p < 0.0005) for both sexes. This study revealed an importance of having not only the control over sodium content of foods/dishes, but also the customized approach for different groups of population to accomplish an appreciable reduction in sodium intake.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.35-45
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• 1996

In order to investigate the possibility of treating nightsoil sludge, the growth trend experiments with vermicompsting was performed and the stability of worm castings was evaluated by the analysis of minerals according to growth periods. Survival rate(SR) of earthworms decreased as earthworms grow up to 7 weeks. The growth period of the earthworms could be classified into two phases on the basis of the ratios of cast to feed ingested(ID). The growth period of the earthworms up to 3 weeks, the high percentage of dry weight of feed ingested(ID) is mainly utiliz-ed to an increase in fresh weight of earthworms, and after the 3 weeks, it is utilized to cast production in this experiment, respectively. The highest values of increasing rate(IR) and biomass of the earthworms(BE) were obtained at 3 weeks and those were 10.59mg/day and 14.48g, respectively. Between the increasing rate(IR) and biomass of the earthworms(BE), a highly positive correlation coefficient(p<0.001) ap-peared. The highest values of biomass of the earthworms(BE) and cast production(CW) were obtained at 3 and 7 weeks, respectively. All the concentrations of minerals except calcium(Ca) in worm castings was lower than the values in nightsoil sludge. It was considered that the major portion of minerals in nightsoil sludge may have been retained in the bodies of earthworms. And these values were lower than the regulated levels in organic fertilizers that the regula-tion standards. In conclusion, the worm castings are very stable for the use as soil conditioner or organic fertilizers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 1998

The entire sequence of a 4,214,810 bp genome of the Bacillus subtilis 168 has been determined by an international project, and the completion has been announced on July 19, 1997. For the sequencing project an international consortium was established and 25 European, 7 Japanese laboratories, 2 biotechnology companies, and our laboratory participated in the project. Within this framework we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a 53,289 bp fragment upstream of the odhA gene (181 $^{\circ}$) of the B. subtilis 168 chromosome. On the basis of the published DNA sequences of the B. subtilis sspC and odhA genes, we obtained genomic fragments by plasmid rescue and long-range PCR. The sequenced fragment contains 56 putative open reading frames (designated yojA-yolI and 9 known genes (sspC, cge cluster, orfE5, orfRMl and odhA), in which we found many interesting features. In addition, the entire nucleotide sequence of a 53,289 bp region enabled us to revise the current genetic map of this region.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.276-283
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• 2004

Screening was performed to isolate cellulose-producing microorganisms from the Korean traditional fermented persimmon vinegar. The resulting strain, KJ $145^{T}$, was then taxonomically investigated by phenotypic characterization, particularly chemotaxonomic, and by phylogenetic inference based on a 16S rDNA sequence analysis including other related taxa. Strain KJ $145^{T}$ was found to grow rapidly and form pale white colonies with smooth to rough surfaces on a GYC agar. Strain KJ $145^T$ also produced acetate from ethanol, and was tolerable to 10% ethanol in SM medium. In a static culture, a thick cellulose pellicle was produced, and in GYC broth, the strain grew at temperatures ranging from 28 to $40^\circ{C}$ with an optimum pH of 4.0. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain KJ $145^T$ was 61.9 mol%, and the predominant ubiquinone was Q 10 as the major quinone and Q9 as the minor quinone. The major cellular fatty acids were $C_{16:0}$ and the sum in feature 7 ($C_{18:1}$ w9c, w12t and/or w7c). A 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe specific for strain KJ $145^T$was constructed, and the phylogenetic position of the new species was derived from a 16S rDNA-based tree. When comparing the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences, strain KJ $145^T$ was found to be most closely related to G. hansenii LMG $1527^T$ (99.2%), although KJ $145^T$ was still distinct from G. hansenii LMG $l527^T$ and G. xylinus LMG $1515^T$ in certain phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, on the basis of 16S rDNA sequences and taxonomic characteristics, it is proposed that strain KJ $145^T$ should be placed in the genus Gluconacetobacter as a new species, Gluconacetobacter persimmonis sp. nov., under the type-strain KJ $145^T$ (=KCTC =$10175BP^T$=KCCM=$10354^T$).

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze effects of the toe-spring angle of bobsleigh shoes on start speed lap time to develop Korean-specific bobsled shoes suitable for winter environments and for domestic players on the basis of sports science and optimized biomechanical performance. Method: Seven Korean bobsleigh athletes participated in this study, with three pairs of sprint spikes from three companies (Type A, Type B, Type C). To analyze sprint lap time and forefoot bending angle for each shoe, participants were instructed to drag a sled 15 meters from the start line at a maximum sprint. forefoot bending angle was collected by a high speed camera, and lap time speed was measured. Results: Lap time for type B shoes was $3.52{\pm}0.17sec$, type A was $3.55{\pm}0.19sec$, and type C was $3.56{\pm}0.18sec$. Forefoot bending angles were: angle 1, $6.88{\pm}5.55^{\circ}$; angle 2, $9.23{\pm}6.38^{\circ}$; angle 3, $15.56{\pm}5.39^{\circ}$; angle 4, $9.54{\pm}3.85^{\circ}$; angle 5, $9.22{\pm}5.08^{\circ}$; angle 6, $7.66{\pm}6.44^{\circ}$; and angle 7, $4.30{\pm}6.24^{\circ}$ (p<.001). Forefoot bending in angle 3 was as follows: type A, $16.47{\pm}6.01^{\circ}$; type B, $14.30{\pm}4.96^{\circ}$; and type C, $15.90{\pm}5.17^{\circ}$. Conclusion: Hard outsoles and midsoles are better than soft type for reduced start lap time when developing a prototype Korean bobsled shoe.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.336-344
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• 2006

Objects : This study has been carried out to assess the effects of the variable herbs on $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretion in the mouse spleen cell. Methods : 202 kinds of herb extracts were used to evaluate the $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretory distinction by each $1{\mu}g/ml$ and $10{\mu}g/ml$ density of water. All experimental herbs were grouped by oriental herbalogical method. But each herb had its independent variables. Results : The secretions increased in 20% of all herbal water. The density differences also make different effects on the secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$. The secretion of IFN-${\gamma}$ inclosed in some kinds of herbs of IFN-${\gamma}$. It has representatively increased in Imperaetae Rhizoma(白茅根) of $1{\mu}g/ml$ and Notopterygii Rhizoma(羌活)of $10{\mu}g/ml$. $IFN-{\gamma}$ incresed in 12 kinds of heybs of both densities. The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in some kinds of herbs of $IFN-{\gamma}$. It has representatively decreased in Moutan Radicis Cortex(蘇丹皮) of $1{\mu}g/ml$ and Angelicae Radix(富歸尾) of $10{\mu}g/ml$. $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in 18 kinds of herbs of both densities. In t oriental herb group, The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ increased in Bang-Hyang-Hwa-Sup group(芳香化濕藥), He-Pyo group(解表藥), I-Su-Sam-SuP group(利水渗) The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in Gu-Chung group(驅蟲藥), An-Sin group(安神藥). Su-Sap group(收澁) On-Li group(溫裏藥), I-Gi group(利氣藥). Conclusions : The result of this study will not only broaden applications of oriental medicine to biological therapy, but also form the basis of oriental medical therapy to find out the meaning of oriental classification.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.416-428
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• 2006

Objectives : Arterial stiffness and pulse pressure are related to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular survival and longevity. This study is aimed at examining the effects of Chungpyesagan-tang on arterial stiffness and Pulse pressure in acute stroke Patients. Methods: The subject of this study was acute strike Patients within 1 week after ictus, with Cardio-ankle vascular index(CAVI) higher than 9.0. They were divided into two groups: A treatment group (n=44) and a control group(n=46). For two weeks, Chungpyesagan-tang was given to the former, other herbal medicines to the latter. used for stroke patients for the control group for 2 weeks. At the end of first and second week, CAVI, pulse Pressure, National Institute of Health stroke scale(NIHSS), Modified Barthel Index(MBI) were measured. Serum lipid Profile, aspartate transaminase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT). blood urea nitrogen(BUN), creatinine were also measured at the end of the study. Results : After 2 weeks, CAVI and Pulse Pressure in Chungpyesagan-tane group were significantly tower than those in the control group(P<0.05). NIHSS and MBI were improved in both groups. But there was no significant difference between the treatment group and the control group in terms of the NIHSS and MBI. Conclusions : We suggest Chungpyesagan-tanghas desirable effects on arterial stiffness and Pulse Pressure of acute stroke patients. It can improve morbidity and mortality of patients on the basis of influencing vascular stiffness and increased pulse pressure.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.93-97
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• 2014

Subolesin (4D8), the ortholog of insect akirins, is a highly conserved protective antigen and thus has the potential for development of a broad-spectrum vaccine against ticks and mosquitoes. To date, no protective antigens have been characterized nor tested as candidate vaccines against Dermacentor silvarum bites and transmission of associated pathogens. In this study, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of D. silvarum 4D8 cDNA (Ds4D8), which consisted of 498 bp encoding 165 amino acid residues. The results of sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that D. silvarum 4D8 (Ds4D8) is highly conserved showing more than 81% identity of amino acid sequences with those of other hard ticks. Additionally, Ds4D8 containing restriction sites was ligated into the pET-32(a+) expression vector and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli rosetta. The recombinant Ds4D8 (rDs4D8) was induced by isopropyl ${\beta}$-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and purified using Ni affinity chromatography. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of rDs4D8 was 40 kDa, which was consistent with the expected molecular mass considering 22 kDa histidine-tagged thioredoxin (TRX) protein from the expression vector. Western blot results showed that rabbit anti-D. silvarum serum recognized the expressed rDs4D8, suggesting an immune response against rDs4D8. These results provided the basis for developing a candidate vaccine against D. silvarum ticks and transmission of associated pathogens.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2009

Purpose: Chronic abdominal pain is a common complaint encountered in pediatric clinics. This study aimed to investigate chronic functional abdominal pain in Korean children and adolescents by applying the Rome III criteria. Methods: A prospective study on chronic abdominal pain in 194 patients was conducted between July 2006 and August 2007. The parents of the subjects were asked to respond to a questionnaire based on the Rome III criteria. These responses were evaluated by pediatricians, and subsequently, the patients were clinically evaluated. Results: On the basis of the results of the medical evaluation, 167 of the 194 patients (86.1%) were diagnosed with functional gastrointestinal disorders, i.e., no organic causes of chronic abdominal pain were detected during the medical evaluation. Of these 167 patients, 89.8% of the patients satisfied one of the Rome III criteria, while 10.2% of the patients did not satisfy any of the Rome III criteria for chronic abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders (functional dyspepsia, 29.3%; irritable bowel syndrome, 25.7%; abdominal migraine, 7.8%; childhood functional abdominal pain, 27.0%; and childhood functional abdominal pain syndrome, 12.6%). Compared to other symptom subtypes, children with childhood functional abdominal pain experienced an earlier onset and a shorter duration of symptoms. Conclusion: The Rome III criteria are more comprehensive; the use of these criteria will provide more accurate information and better diagnoses for children and adolescents with chronic abdominal pain.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 2003

The chemical properties of oak tree wood vinegar and the effect of wood vinegar on the tomato seedling were investigated to apply wood vinegar efficiently to the organic - and natural farming system. On the basis of the results from chemical properties of the oak tree wood vinegar, mineral nutrient contents of wood vinegar was low. Therefore, wood vinegar could not be a suitable nutrient source for the plant growth at 500∼1000 times dilution level. which commonly used in the farming, if only wood vinegar is supplied for the nutrient source for the plant growth. The application of wood vinegar increased root growth up the 500 times dilution level while decreased shoot growth. Furthermore. the anion concentrations such as nitrate and phosphate of the plant were decreased by the application of wood vinegar while cation concentrations such as K. Ca. and Mg were increased. Phenolic compounds of wood vinegar such as chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid enhanced the root growth. Interestingly the application of ferulic acid increased both root and shoot growth at the level of 10$^{-4}$ M concentration. It indicated that the effect of wood vinegar on the production of healthy plant seedling may be due to the beneficial root growth by phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid and/or ferulic acid of the wood vinegar. However. the effect of the wood vinegar on the plant growth could be influenced by synergism or antagonism of different phenolic compounds in wood vinegar used. In addition. drench in the soil of wood vinegar may be more beneficial compared to foliar application for the improvement of root activity and plant growth.