• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.508-514
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) levels on growth performance and body composition in juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica. Six semi-purified experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and iso-caloric containing 55.0% crude protein and 15% crude lipid (18.3 kJ of available energy $g^{-1}$). Six different levels of AA were added to the basal diet, with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 or 1.2% on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively ($AA_{0.07},\;AA_{0.22},\;AA_{0.43},\;AA_{0.57},\;AA_{0.78}\;or\;AA_{1.23}$). After a conditioning period, fish initially averaging 27${\pm}$0.5 g (mean${\pm}$SD) were randomly distributed into each aquarium as triplicate groups of 20 fish each. One of six experimental diets was fed on a DM basis to fish in three randomly selected aquaria at a rate of 2-3% of total body weight twice a day. At the end of the 12-week feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed $AA_{0.78}$ and $AA_{1.23}$ diets were significantly higher than of fish fed $AA_{0.07},\;AA_{0.22},\;AA_{0.43}$ diets (p<0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the $AA_{0.78}$ diet was significantly higher than of fish fed $AA_{0.07},\;AA_{0.22},\;AA_{0.43}$ diets (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in WG, SGR and FE among fish fed $AA_{0.57},\;AA_{0.78}\;or\;AA_{1.23}$ diets (p>0.05). Whole body AA deposition of fish fed the $AA_{1.23}$ diet was significantly higher than for the other diets (p<0.05). Broken-line model analysis on the basis of WG and SGR indicated that the dietary AA requirement could be greater than 0.69% but less than 0.71% of the diet in juvenile eel. The growth-promoting activity of AA observed in the present study provides strong support for the contention that dietary AA is essential for juvenile eel.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.530-538
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• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal ammonia concentrations and pH of wet distillers grains (WDG, produced from tapioca 70% and rice 30%) and to evaluate dietary effects of fermented total mixed ration (TMR) using WDG on the performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers from mid fattening to slaughter. In Exp. I, average dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen free extract of seven WDG samples from an ethanol plant with different sampling dates were 19.9%, 24.8%, 3.8%, 21.8%, 8.87%, 60.3%, 34.5%, and 40.7% (DM basis), respectively. For in vitro ammonia concentrations and pH, each sample was assigned to 7 incubation times (0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Linear increase was observed between 12 and 48 h for ammonia concentrations, but final ammonia concentrations (72 h) were not significantly different among WDG samples and fermentation patterns of WDG samples showed similar tendency. In vitro pH varied among treatments from 0 to 24 h, but were not different statistically after 48 h. In Exp. II, 45 Hanwoo steers of 23 months ($641{\pm}123kg$) from mid fattening period to slaughter (248 days) were randomly divided into three groups of 15 pens each (five repetitions/each treatment) and assigned to one of three dietary treatments; i) Control (TMR), ii) WDG 15 (TMR containing 15% of WDG, as fed basis) and iii) WDG 28 (TMR containing 28% of WDG, as fed basis). The body weight (BW), ADG, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control and WDG 15 and 28 during 248 days were 760.8, 740.1, and 765.5 kg, and 0.50, 0.50, and 0.52 kg/d, and 18.6, 17.6, and 17.1, respectively. The dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/d) of control (9.11) was higher (p<0.05) than WDG treatments (WDG 15%, 8.57; 28%, 8.70). Nevertheless, DMI did not affect BW, ADG, and FCR of Hanwoo finishing steers. Blood metabolites were in normal ranges and were not different among treatments except the albumin concentration. In carcass characteristics, WDG 15 (30%) showed higher frequency of A-carcass yield grade than WDG 28 (15%) and control (7%), and WDG 28 (61%) showed higher frequency of $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$-carcass quality grade than WDG 15 (40%) and control (60%). In conclusion, using WDG up to 28% in TMR did not show any negative effect on the performance and blood metabolites, and improved carcass quality of Hanwoo steers. Therefore, WDG can be a useful feed ingredient for Hanwoo steers in mid-fattening period to slaughter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.460-466
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• 2004

This study was undertaken with the aim to establish a reliable radioimmunoassay (RIA) system for urinary pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) and to employ it for monitoring the reproductive status of dairy cows. Urine and blood samples were collected from the Holstein cows both pregnant and non-pregnant. The samples were then investigated for evaluating the relationship between progesterone ($P_{4}$) in blood and PdG in urine adjusted with or without urinary creatinine basis. Biweekly urine collection was employed for three cows in estrous and those artificially inseminated, while urine from pregnant cows was collected on a monthly basis. P_{4}$ and PdG levels were measured by enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) and RIA techniques, respectively. Our results indicated the sensitivity of PdG for RIA being 35 pg/tube and the recovery rate of 100%. Urinary creatinine concentrations also fluctuated within a day, but change at midday was not noteworthy. Regardless of the time of urination the change in concentrations of PdG was relatively smaller and did not vary significantly. The urinary PdG concentration showed periodic changes as that with serum P_{4}$ levels during the cow's estrus cycle. The correlation coefficient rose when creatinine level in urine was adjusted but the change was also not significant. The concentrations of PdG during the luteal phase were detected between 8.2 and 17.4 ng/ml, three to five times higher than that in the follicular phase. The concentration of PdG from pregnant cows (21 days after conception) was three to four times higher than in the nonpregnant cows. Our finding suggests that the determination of urinary PdG could be reliably employed for early pregnancy detection. The urinary PdG level continued to raise until 30 days pre-partum while the concentration reached its peak at 30 ng/ml, after which it started to fall 18 to 30 days before parturition and finally fell to its nadir value one week after parturition. As the correlation coefficient between the urinary PdG and serum P_{4}$ was higher than that corrected by urinary creatinine it can be suggested that the adjustment is not needed. The concentrations of urinary PdG could be maintained stably for 2 days in urine samples stored at room temperature and extended to 8 days when the samples were pretreated by boiling for 30 minutes. In conclusion urinary PdG concentration even without the need for creatinine basis adjustment can be used directly for monitoring the reproductive status of dairy cows.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (G) and Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LLA) are core traditional Chinese medicines in treating myelosuppression formula. The present study was designed to profile effect of G and LLA herb pair (G-LLA) on myelosuppressed mice. Methods: The mice myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy). Hematopoietic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peripheral blood count, and serum hemopoietic factors were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. HPLC was used to measure 20 potential chemical components related to myelosuppression, including ginsenoside Rg₁, Re, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd, Rk₃, Rh₄, 20 (S)-Rg₃, 20 (R)-Rg₃, Rk₁, Rg₅, salidroside, and so on. Results: G, LLA, and G-LLA improved the amount of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of myelosuppressed mice (P < 0.01). They significantly increased the colony quantity of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid, colony-forming unit-erythroid, and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte and amount of G₂/M and S phase cells (P < 0.01). They also significantly decreased the amount of hematopoiesis-related cytokines (P < 0.01). The content of chemical components in G-LLA changed, and the change of rare saponin was the most obvious. Conclusion: These results show that G-LLA herb pair might produce synergistic or complementary compatibility effects on bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy. It suggests that the substance basis of G-LLA for treating bone marrow suppression may be effective chemical components.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1150-1158
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• 2010

In this study, the Polynomial-based Radial Basis Function Neural Networks is proposed as one of the recognition part of overall face recognition system that consists of two parts such as the preprocessing part and recognition part. The design methodology and procedure of the proposed pRBFNNs are presented to obtain the solution to high-dimensional pattern recognition problem. First, in preprocessing part, we use a CCD camera to obtain a picture frame in real-time. By using histogram equalization method, we can partially enhance the distorted image influenced by natural as well as artificial illumination. We use an AdaBoost algorithm proposed by Viola and Jones, which is exploited for the detection of facial image area between face and non-facial image area. As the feature extraction algorithm, PCA method is used. In this study, the PCA method, which is a feature extraction algorithm, is used to carry out the dimension reduction of facial image area formed by high-dimensional information. Secondly, we use pRBFNNs to identify the ID by recognizing unique pattern of each person. The proposed pRBFNNs architecture consists of three functional modules such as the condition part, the conclusion part, and the inference part as fuzzy rules formed in 'If-then' format. In the condition part of fuzzy rules, input space is partitioned with Fuzzy C-Means clustering. In the conclusion part of rules, the connection weight of pRBFNNs is represented as three kinds of polynomials such as constant, linear, and quadratic. Coefficients of connection weight identified with back-propagation using gradient descent method. The output of pRBFNNs model is obtained by fuzzy inference method in the inference part of fuzzy rules. The essential design parameters (including learning rate, momentum coefficient and fuzzification coefficient) of the networks are optimized by means of the Particle Swarm Optimization. The proposed pRBFNNs are applied to real-time face recognition system and then demonstrated from the viewpoint of output performance and recognition rate.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1088-1092
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine an estimated value and change in TDF (total dietary fiber) binding major minerals (Ca, P, K Mg) of soybean sprouts depending on cultivation periods of 1, 3 or 5 days, and parts of cotyledon and hypocotyl. The compositions of TDF binding major minerals in soybean sprouts were evaluated by the enzymatic-gravimetric method developed by Prosky and adopted by AOAC. The content of TDF binding P ranged between 915.28 mg and 1037.82 mg per 100 g cotyledon. Average contents of Ca, K, and Mg in cotyledon ranged between 541.67 mg and 634.34 mg, 180.91 mg and 253.98 mg, 231.90 mg and 301.01 mg, respectively, on dry matter basis. The average contents of TDF binding Ca in hypocotyl per 100 g were between 454.36 mg and 540.33 mg, and other major minerals contents were between 149.24 mg and 186.21 mg for P, 164.17 mg and 182.78 mg for K, and 152.53 mg and 161.22 mg for Mg, respectively. The proportional changes of Ca, an estimated value in cotyledon, ranged between 5.58% and 30.98%, 47.18% and 59.10% for P, 95.24% and 95.50% for K, and 58.45% and 68.64% for Mg, respectively, based on dry matter. An estimated value of Ca, P, K, and Mg in hypocotyl ranged between 6.71% and 13.52%, 91.03% and 91.76%, 96.91% and 98.92%, and 61.03% and 66.37%, respectively, on dry matter basis.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.63-79
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• 2004

Peer-to-peer(P2P) has potential strength and possible factors which enable it to develop toward a new business by supplementing the limitation of the existing central server-type network. In various business sectors, various attempts have already been made to apply P2P. The computing power which was possible to be formed through peer-to-peer networking will become a powerful tools for expanding toward new business area depending the utilization methods by sector. Although the technology-centric P2P concept is a major interest now, its development direction will head toward service-centric P2P concept for satisfying desires of end-users(individual peers) for reliable contents and improving their purchasing convenience. But the solution requisites should be solved for the efficient application of P2P to business such as the establishment of and supplement for the industrial standard and legal system for P2P, the enhancement of peers recognition of P2P. Presently e-commerce using P2P is being implemented by a few enterprises locally by means of B2C. But if many enterprises enter this type of e-commerce, and the standardization of peer programmes, goods and documents is made, it will be able to be extended to B2B. Also it seems that it can be utilized in international transactions as well as in domestic transactions. So there is much room for the application of P2P to be extended further. Also there has been presented the necessity for related industries to support their work with theories and for academic studies to be made actively to set the direction of its development. It is hoped that multi-angled and in-depth studies on the utilization of P2P and various attempts to application of it to business be made on the basis of this study. For the development of P2P, continuous study and attempts are needed. The field of P2Ps application is very large and it will become a powerful tool, depending upon its application methods.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.819-826
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• 2006

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of cultured wild-ginseng powder or its fermented culture byproduct on growth performance, blood parameters, carcass and meat quality in finishing pigs. The animals used in the experiment were a total of 36 Landrace×Yorkshire and weighted 65.81±2.02kg. The experimental diets were basis diet, 2.5% wild-ginseng fermented culture byproduct of B. subtilis replaced lupin in basis diet and 0.2% cultured wild-ginseng powder replaced lupin in basis diet to CON, T1 and T2 for 60 days, respectively. The pigs were allotted at 4 pigs per pen with three replicate pens per treatment by completely randomized design. In growth performance, ADG was not significantly different between treatments. ADFI was significantly lower (P<0.05) in T1 and T2 than in CON. Feed/Gain was not different between treatments. In plasma's biochemical composition, total protein was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in CON. Blood urea nitrogen was not different between treatments. Glucose and albumin were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments. Calcium was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in CON. Inorganic phosphate was significantly higher in T1 than in other treatments. In plasma's lipid composition, triglyceride was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments. Total cholesterol was not different between treatments. HDL cholesterol was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments. In carcass and meat quality, carcass weight, dressing precent, meat precent and back-fat thickness were not significantly different between treatments. Moisture and crude fat were also not significantly different between treatments. The results indicate that growth performance, carcass and meat quality were not affected but plasma's biochemical and/or lipid composition were affected when replaced with wild-ginseng fermented culture byproduct of B. subtilis and cultured wild-ginseng. Our research indicates that wild-ginseng fermented culture byproduct of B. subtilis and cultured wild-ginseng powder were able to using with pig's diet in finishing period.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.117-130
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• 2017

Objectives : In this study, 3,107 patients were used to evaluate the impact based on raw data of 2014 and the health status and medical expenses income quintile was collected and data was analyzed. Methods : Analysis method was the average comparison, ANOVA, subjected to a multiple logistic regression analysis, the statistical test was the t-test and the scheffe post verification. Results : Gender(p<.000), age(p<.000), marital status(p<.000) educational status (p<.000), easement(p<.000), medication(p<.000), subjective health status(p<.005) were analyzed. First quintile identified that the highest amount was spent in the Chungcheong region, the 2nd quintile showed that the highest output was in the Gyeongsang region. The 3rd and 4th quintiles indicated that the highest expenditure was in the Seoul metropolitan region. The 5th quintile showed that the Chungcheong was the highest once again and the Jeolla region was the lowest in terms of expediture. Conclusions : Future medical research on income will require the government's Big Data collection to create the primary basis for policy making in order to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and equity of medicine spending.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2012

Rabies is a major zoonotic disease that causes approximately 55,000 human deaths worldwide on an annual basis. The nucleocapsid protein and glycoprotein genes of the Korean rabies virus (RABV) have been subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. Although the phosphoprotein (P) has several important functions in viral infection and pathogenicity, the genetic characterizations of the P of Korean RABV isolates have not yet been established. In the present study, we conducted genetic analyses of P genes of 24 RABV isolates circulating in the Republic of Korea (hereafter, Korea) from 2008 to 2011. This study revealed that the P genes of Korean RABVs are genetically similar to those of RABV strains of lyssavirus genotype I including V739 (dogs, Korea), NNV-RAB-H (humans, India), NeiMeng925 (raccoon dogs, China), and RU9.RD (raccoon dogs, Russia). Among Korean isolates, the RABV P genes showed low variability in the variable domains among Korean isolates; they had specific consensus sequences and amino acid substitutions capable of identifying geographic characteristics and retained specific sequences thought to be important for viral function. These results provide important genetic characteristics and epidemiological information pertaining to the P gene of the Korean RABV.