• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.299-306
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• 2013

Pyroligneous liquor as a byproduct from charcoal production of bamboo sprout produced damyang-gun has the broad benefits such as improvement of soil quality, plant growth control and is mainly used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, fungi and many other skin diseases. In this study, flavor compounds of pyroligneous liquor from bamboo sprout produced in Damyang-gun were analyzed and compared using three different methods including direct analysis (DA), headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). Simultaneously, the analytical conditions of GC-MS for the determination of volatile compounds were optimized. Based on volatile organic compounds detected by GC-MS, SBSE and SPME methods showed higher sensitivity than direct analysis. Major compounds of pyroligneous liquor were cresol, guaiacol, p-ethyl guaiacol and syringol. These phenolic compounds are reported as the useful chemicals with medicinal activity.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.186-194
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• 1988

The electrochemical reduction of O,O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-phosphorothioate (Fenitrothion) has been studied in acetonitrile solution containing surfactant micelle by direct current (DC)-differential pulse (DP) polarography, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and controlled potential coulometry (CPC). The partially reversible electron transfer-chemical reaction(EC, EC mechanism) of fenitrothion reduction proceeded by four electron transfer to form O,O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-hydroxyaminophenyl)-phosphorothioate which undergoes single bond of the phosphorus atom and phenoxy group cleaves to give p-amino-m-cresol and dimethyl thiophosphinic acid as major product by two electron transfer-protonation at higher negative potential. The polarograpic reduction waves shown to suppressed due to inhibitory effect of sodium lauryl sulfate micelle solution and split up on selectivity of anionic micelle effect in two step at the first reduction peak.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1592-1605
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to select an effective in vitro digestion-fermentation model to estimate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on odor emission during pig production and to suggest potential prediction markers through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods: In the in vitro experiment, three diet formulations with different CP contents (170 g/kg, 150 g/kg, and 130 g/kg) but containing the same standardized ileal digestible essential amino acids (SID-EAA) were assessed. Each diet was evaluated by two different in vitro gastric-intestinal phase digestion methods (flask and dialysis), combined with fresh pig feces-ferment inoculation. Eighteen growing barrows (31.9±1.6 kg) were divided into three groups: control diet (180 g CP/kg, without SID-EAA adjustment), 170 g CP/kg diet, and 150 g CP/kg diet for 4 weeks. Results: The in vitro digestion results indicated that in vitro digestibility was affected by the gastric-intestinal phase digestion method and dietary CP level. According to the gas kinetic and digestibility results, the dialysis method showed greater distinguishability for dietary CP level adjustment. Nitrogen-related odor compounds (NH₃-N, indole, p-cresol, and skatole) were highly correlated with urease and protease activity. The feeding study indicated that both EAA-adjusted diets resulted in a lower odor emission especially in p-cresol and skatole. Both protease and urease activity in feces were also closely related to odor emissions from nitrogen metabolism compounds. Conclusion: Dialysis digestion in the gastric-intestinal phase followed by fresh fecal inoculation fermentation is suitable for in vitro diet evaluation. The enzyme activity in the fermentation and the fecal samples might provide a simple and effective estimation tool for nitrogen-related odor emission prediction in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 2014

This study was performed to compare the level of odorous compounds in feces and urine of finishing pigs. Feces and urine from 16 finishing pigs were separately collected for 28-d. Concentrations of volatile organic compound (VOC; phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acid (VFA; SCFA and BCFA) were measured in feces and urine. Amount of phenols and p-cresol was higher (P<0.05) in urine than in feces. Urinal levels of phenols and p-cresol were 257.8 ppm and 250.9 ppm, and those of fecal phenols and p-cresol were 0.50 ppm and 0.05 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in concentration of indoles from feces (1.0 ppm) and urine (1.8 ppm). Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level in urine was higher (P<0.05) than in feces showing 4,547 ppm and 863 ppm, respectively. Proportion of acetic acid to total SCFA was higher in urine (94%) than in feces (66%). However, level of branched fatty acid (BCFA) was greater in feces (118 ppm) compare to that of urine (87 ppm). Odorous compounds analyzed in the current study, phenols and SCFA, were contained more in urine than in feces. Greater amount of VFA is typically found in feces than in urine since it is generated in the large intestine. However, urine contained more VFA than feces in the current study. Therefore, it will be necessary to exploit odor reducing techniques especially for pig urine as grassland fertilizer.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.29-34
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of storage time of manure on the concentration of odorous compounds. Levels of odorous compounds were measured from manure incubated in $20^{\circ}C$ for 6 wk in pilot chamber whose structure is similar to slurry pit. Levels of short chain fatty acids were decreased (p<0.05) by 4,159, 1,925, 844, and 483 ppm as storage time increased as 0, 2, 4, and 6wk, respectively. Transfatty acid level was not changed for 2wk but decreased (p<0.05) afterwards (levels were 250, 248, 151, and 61 ppm at 0, 2, 4, 6wk, respectively). Levels of phenol compounds were decreased (p<0.05) by 68, 48, 26, and 9 as storage time increased as 0, 2, 4, 6wk, respectively. Phenol concentration was increased whereas p-cresol level was decreased as storage time increased showing ratios of phenol and p-cresol were 6:94, 34:66, 51:49, and 67:33 at 0, 2, 4, and 6wk, respectively. Concentration of indole compounds was not different for 2wk but increased (p<0.05) after 4wk. The ratios of indole and skatole were 71:29, 42:58, 28:72, and 36:64 at 0, 2, 4, and 6wk, respectively. Skatole concentration was increased as storage time increased. Therefore, our current results indicate that levels of volatile fatty acid and phenol compounds were deceased but indole compounds were increased as manure storage time was increased.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 1988

This study was conducted to clarify the identification of phytotoxic compounds from 5 upland weeds which had been collected at their maturity age in the field of Kyungpook province, Korea. 5 weed species including Stellaria aquatica strongly inhibited the lettuce seed germination. These 5 species were Amaranthus lividus, Stellaria aquatica, Achyranthes japonica, Polygonum perfoliata and Galinsoga ciliata. the degree of inhibitory effects according to various solvent extracts such as ethanol, aceton, chloroform and ether was different as species. In total phenol and diphenol content G. ciliata had largest amount of total phenol with 2.75mg/g, P. perfoliata 1.8mg/g, S. aquatica 1.7mg/g, A. lividus 1.28mg/g, A. japonica 1.27mg/g respectively. A. lividus had much amount of p-cresol, hydroquinone, ferulic, caffeic, p-cl-benzoic and p-coumaric in order. S. aquatica, A. japonica, P. perfoliata and G. ciliata had a large quantity of ferulic, caffeic, 7-OH-coumarin and protocatechuic acids in common. The amount of fatty acids was existed 8.49mg/g in S. aquatica, 7.14mg/g in A. japonica, 7.10mg/g in G. ciliata, 5.49mg/g in P. perfoliata and 4.2mg/g in A. lividus respectively. Most of 4 weeds except G. ciliata had much oxalic acid to the extent of 14-22mg/g. however it appeared that G. ciliata had much quantity of feruic and citric acids.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.459-463
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• 1997

A bacterium DGUM 2011 has been selected from various samples of industrial wastewater and soil. Based on the morphological and physiological characteristics, the isolate DGUM 2011 was identified as Rhodococcus sp. and named as Rhodococcus sp. DGUM 2011. The optimal temperature and pH for the cell growth of Rhodococcus sp. DGUM 2011 were 37$\circ$C and 7.6, respectively. When phenol was added to the minimal media as a sole source of carbon and energy, the concentrations of maximum and optimum for cell growth was 0.10% and 0.08%, respectively. When 0.05% phenol was given in the minimal media, Rhodococcus sp. DGUM 2011 completely utilize it within 24 hrs. The isolate could utilize benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoate, p-cresol, tyrosine and phloroglucinol. The isolate possessed both catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and 2,3-dioxygenase activity. However, the activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase was much higher than that of 2,3-dioxygenase, which suggests that the isolate might degrade phenol via both ortho- and meta-cleavage, mainly via ortho-cleavage.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 2003

The bacterium NFQ-1 capable of utilizing quinoline (2,3-benzopyridine) as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy was enriched and isolated from soil samples of dead coal pit areas. Strain NFQ-1 was identified as Pseudomonas nitroreducens NFQ-1 by BIOLOG system, and assigned to Pseudomonas sp. NFO-1. Pseudomonas sp. NFQ-1 was used with the concentration range of 1 to 10 mM quinoline. Strain NFQ-1 could degrade 2.5 mM quinoline within 9 hours of incubation. Initial pH 8.0 in the culture was reduced to 6.8, and eventually 7.0 as the incubation was proceeding. 2-Hydroxyquinoline, the first intermediate of the degradative pathway, accumulated transiently in the growth medium. The highest concentration of quinoline (15 mM) in this work inhibited cell growth and quinoline degradation. Pseudomonas sp. NFQ-1 was able to utilize various quinoline derivatives and aromatic compounds including 2-hydroxyquinoline, p-comaric acid, benzoic acid, p-cresol, p-hydroxybenzoate, protocatechuic acid, and catechol. The specific activity of catechol oxygenases was determined to approximately 184.7 unit/㎎ for catechol 1.2-dioxygenase and 33.19 unit/㎎ for catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, respectively. As the result, it showed that strain NFQ-1 degraded quinoline via mainly orthp-cleavage pathway, and in partial meta-cleavage pathway.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 1976

The pH titration curves of ampicillin, amoxicillin and cephalexin in aqueous acetone, ethanol and N, N'-dimethylformamide by use of 0.02N-KOH solution showed that 80% acetone was the most effective solvent for alkali titration of them. The pH jumps of samples in 80% acetone were sharp enough to determine the contents of them by use in 80% acetone (9, 4) was coincided with each equivalent point of ampicillin, amoxicillin and cephalexin, but those of phenolphthalein, thymolphthalein, thymol blue and bgrom cresol purple were not. The color change of brom thymol blue at equivalent points was very clear except the case of amoxicillin that the determination of smaples in 80% acetone with 0.02 N-KOH solution by the aid of brom thymol blue could be available.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.405-413
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of A-solution on halitosis and oral status in preoperative NPO patients. Methods: A nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The participants in this study were 66 patients who were admitted for gynecologic surgery. The experimental treatment was to give oral gargling with A-solution, blended essential oils and diluted with distilled water. To identify the experimental treatment effects, halitosis, salivary pH, and oral status were measured by a portable halitosis detector, visual analogue scale, Bromo Thymol Blue (BTB), Bromo Cresol Purple (BCP) test paper and oral assessment guide. Data were analyzed using $X^2$-test, t-test with PASW 18.0 version. Results: Participants were homogeneous before experimental treatment. Objective halitosis in the experimental group, measured by a portable halitosis detector (t=-8.34, p<.001) was significantly lower than the control group. Subjective halitosis was significantly lower in the experimental group (t=-9.29, p<.001). Salivary pH was significantly different between two groups (t=8.81, p<.001). Oral status was significantly better in the experimental group (t=-13.31, p<.001). Conclusion: These findings indicate that oral gargling using A-solution is effective in reducing patient halitosis, and improving oral status.