• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.799-808
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• 2011

Let {${\Omega}$, $\mathcal{F}$, P} be a probability space and {$X_n{\mid}n{\geq}1$} be a sequence of random variables defined on it. A finite sequence of random variables {$X_i{\mid}1{\leq}i{\leq}n$} is a conditional associated given $\mathcal{F}$ if for any coordinate-wise nondecreasing functions f and g defined on $R^n$, $Cov^{\mathcal{F}}$ (f($X_1$, ${\ldots}$, $X_n$), g($X_1$, ${\ldots}$, $X_n$)) ${\geq}$ 0 a.s. whenever the conditional covariance exists. We obtain the H$\grave{a}$jek-R$\grave{e}$nyi-type inequality for conditional associated random variables. In addition, we establish the strong law of large numbers, the three series theorem, integrability of supremum, and a strong growth rate for $\mathcal{F}$-associated random variables.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 2002

In this study, a 3D coordinate measurement system equipped with a laser displacement meter for digitizing rock joint surface was established and the digitized data were used to calculate several roughness parameters. The parameters used in this study were micro avenge inclination $angle(i_{ave})$, average slope of joint $asperity(SL_{ ave})$, root mean square of $i-angle(i_{rms})$, standard deviation of height(SDH), standard deviation of $i-angle(SD_i)$, roughness profile $index(R_P)$, and fractal dimension(D). The relationships between the roughness parameters based on the digitzation of the surface profile were analyzed. Since the measured value varied according to the degree of reflection and the variation of colors at the measuring point, rock joint surface was painted in white to minimize the influence of the surface conditions. The comparison of the measured values and roughness parameters before and after painting revealed the better consequence from measurement on the painted surfaces. Also, effect of measuring interval was studied. As measured interval was increased, roughness parameters were exponentially decreased. The incremental sequence of degree of decrease was $SDH\; i_{ave},\; i_{rms},\; SD_i,\;and\; R_ p-1$. As a result of comparison of parameters from pin-type measurement system and laser type measurement system, all value of parameters were higher when laser-type measurement system was used, except SDH.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2000

The structure of cis-(malonato)[(4R,5R)-4,5-bis(aminomethyl)-2-isopropyl-1,3-dioxolane]platinum(II) with a potent anticancer activity has been determined by the X-ray crystallographic method. Crystal data are as follows: Pt(C/sub 11/H/sub 20/N₂O/sub 6/), M/sub 4/=471.38, monoclinic, P2₁, a=7.112(1), b=33.615(3), c=7.135(1)Å, β=116.80(1)°, V=1522.6(3)Å, and Z=4. The two independent molecules with very similar structures are approximately related by pseudo two-fold screw axis symmetry, which makes the monolinic cell look like the orthorhombic cell with one molecule in the asymmetric unit and space group C222₁. The crystal packing mode is similar to that of the analogue with the dimethyl substituents instead of the isopropyl group. The Pt atom is coordinate to two O and two N atoms in a square planar structure. The six-membered chelate ring in the leaving ligand assumes a conformation intermediate between the half chair and the boat forms. The seven-membered ring in the carrier ligand assumes a twist-chair conformation and the oxolane ring assumes an envelope conformation. Crystal packing consists of the extensive hydrogen-bonding network in the two-dimensional molecular layers and weak van der Waals interactions between these layers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 1992

It is well established that neurons in ventrolateral medulla play a key role in determining the vasomotor tone. The purpose of present study is to identify sympathetic related, medullospinal tract neurons in ventrolateral medulla and to show that these mediate somato-sympathetic reflex. Medullospinal tract cells were identified by antidromic stimulation to intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of the second thoracic ($T_2$) spinal cord in anesthetized cats. Peripheral nerves were stimulated for orthodromic activation of these cells and peripheral receptive fields were determined. Post R wave histogram of unit and spike triggered averaging of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) were used to define sympathetic related cell. A total of 113 neurons was recorded in ventrolateral medulla that had the axonal projections to $T_2$ spinal cord. Thirty four of these medullospinal cells showed spontaneous discharges and the others not. Between these two groups, rostro-caudal coordinate of the distribution from obex [$4.7{\pm}0.2\;$ (mean S.E.) mm, 4.1 0.1 mm], depth from dorsal surface ($5.5{\pm}0.2mm,\;4.9{\pm}0.1mm$ and conduction velocity ($9.9{\pm}1.7m/sec,\;16.7{\pm}1.9\;m/sec$) were significantly different (p<0.05). In spontaneously discharging group, characteristics of rostral and caudal groups were significantly different and we demonstrated that cells in rostral group mediate somatosympathetic reflex. From these results, we conclude that a certain portion of spontaneously discharging medullospinal tract cells in rostral ventrolateral medulla comprise the efferent outputs of somatosympathetic reflex to sympathetic preganglion neurons.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1700-1705
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• 2018

We evaluated the influence of sampling technique (cannulation vs. stomach tube) and site (dorsal sac vs. ventral sac) on the rumen microbiome and fermentation parameters in Hanwoo steers. Rumen samples were collected from three cannulated Hanwoo steers via both a stomach tube and cannulation, and 16S rRNA gene amplicons were sequenced on the MiSeq platform to investigate the rumen microbiome composition among samples obtained via 1) the stomach tube, 2) dorsal sac via rumen cannulation, and 3) ventral sac via rumen cannulation. A total of 722,001 high-quality 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from the three groups and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. There was no significant difference in the composition of the major taxa or alpha diversity among the three groups (p>0.05). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes represented the first and second most dominant phyla, respectively, and their abundances did not differ among the three groups (p>0.05). Beta diversity principal coordinate analysis also did not separate the rumen microbiome based on the three sample groups. Moreover, there was no effect of sampling site or method on fermentation parameters, including pH and volatile fatty acids (p>0.05). Overall, this study demonstrates that the rumen microbiome and fermentation parameters are not affected by different sampling techniques and sampling sites. Therefore, a stomach tube can be a feasible alternative method to collect representative rumen samples rather than the standard and more invasive method of rumen cannulation in Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 1998

This paper presents a fast calculation method for evaluating of voltage stability margin (MW) using the line flow equation in polar form. Here, Line flow equations $(P_{ij},\;Q_{ij}$ are comprised of state variable, $V_i,\;{\Delta}_i,\;V_j$ and ${Delta}_j$, and line parameter, r and x. using the feature of polar coordinate, these becomes one equation with two variables, $V_j,;V_j$. Moreover, if bus j is slack or generator bus, which is specified voltage magnitude in load flow calculation, it becomes one equation with one variable $V_ i $ that is, may be formulated with the second-order equation for $V^2_i$. Therefore, multiple load flow solutions may be obtained with simple computation. The obtained load flow multiple solutions are used for evaluating of voltage stability through sensitivity analysis or its closeness. Also, the method is proposed to calculate for voltage stability margin considering shunt capacitor, which is important element for evaluating of voltage stability. The proposed method was validated to sample systems.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.353-365
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• 2024

Rumen cannulation is a surgical technique used to collect rumen contents from ruminants. However, rumen cannulation surgery may potentially impact the composition of the rumen microbiota. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal alterations in the rumen microbiota composition of Hanwoo steers after cannulation surgery. In this study, eight Hanwoo steers were used; four steers underwent rumen cannulation surgery (cannulation group), while the remaining four were left intact (control group). Rumen samples were collected from all eight steers using the stomach tubing method on the day before surgery (day 0) and on postoperative days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28, resulting in 80 samples (10 timepoints × 8 animals). The microbiota of all 80 samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology version 2 (QIIME2). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in all major phyla and most major genera representing at least 0.5% of total sequences across all 80 samples between the control and cannulation groups on the preoperative and postoperative days. However, while the alpha diversity indices did not differ (p > 0.05) between the two groups on the preoperative day, they significantly differed (p < 0.05) between the two groups on the postoperative days. Further, the overall microbial distribution based on both unweighted and weighted principal coordinate analysis plots significantly differed (p < 0.05) between the two groups on both the preoperative and postoperative days. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts indicated that major genera and microbial diversity in the cannulation group decreased following surgery but returned to their initial states by postoperative day 28. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that rumen cannulation surgery affects some major taxa and microbial diversity, suggesting that the rumen cannulation method can alter the composition of rumen microbiota in Hanwoo steers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Soil salinity causes reduction of crop productivity. Rhizosphere microbes have metabolic capabilities and ability to adaptation of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) could play a role as elicitors for inducing tolerance to stresses in plants by affecting resident microorganism in soil. This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of selected strains on rhizosphere microbial community under salinity stress. METHODS AND RESULTS: The experiments were conducted in tomato plants in pots containing field soil. Bacterial suspension was inoculated into three-week-old tomato plants, one week after inoculation, and -1,000 kPa-balanced salinity stress was imposed. The physiological and biochemical attributes of plant under salt stress were monitored by evaluating pigment, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and ion concentrations. To demonstrate the effect of selected Bacillus strains on rhizosphere microbial community, soil microbial diversity and abundance were evaluated with Illumina MiSeq sequencing, and primer sets of 341F/805R and ITS3/ITS4 were used for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. As a result, when the bacterial strains were inoculated and then salinity stress was imposed, the inoculation decreases the stress susceptibility including reduction in lipid peroxidation, enhanced pigmentation and proline accumulation which subsequently resulted in better plant growth. However, bacterial inoculations did not affect diversity (observed OTUs, ACE, Chao1 and Shannon) and structure (principle coordinate analysis) of microbial communities under salinity stress. Furthermore, relative abundance in microbial communities had no significant difference between bacterial treated- and untreated-soils under salinity stress. CONCLUSION: Inoculation of Bacillus strains could affect plant responses and soil pH of tomato plants under salinity stress, whereas microbial diversity and abundance had no significant difference by the bacterial treatments. These findings demonstrated that Bacillus strains could alleviate plant's salinity damages by regulating pigments, proline, and MDA contents without significant changes of microbial community in tomato plants, and can be used as effective biostimulators against salinity stress for sustainable agriculture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.274-282
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• 1998

This study deals with sinking resistance for purse seine, in the case of different d/l, ratio of twine diameter and leg length. Experiments carried out on the six types simplified reduced model seines which were made of knotless netting. The nettings were woven in different leg length 4.3, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.6 and 7.7mm of polyester 28 tex two threads two -ply twine, and each of the seines were named I, II, III, IV, V and Ⅵ seine. Dimension of seine models were 450cm for corkline and 85cm for seine depth, each seines rigged up 160g of float for a floatline and 50g (underwater weight) of lead for a leadline. Experiments were measured in the observation channel of a flume tank at the static conditions Sinking motion was recorded by the two sets TV-camera for VTR which were placed in top and side of the model seine, and reading coordinate carried out by the video digitization system. An analysis were calculated out by simultaneous differential equations for numerical method by Runge - Kutta - Gill sub - routine. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Average sinking speed of seine of seine margin was fastest for Ⅵ seine followed by V, IV, III, II and I seines. 2. The coefficient of resistance for a seine wall was depended upon the ratio of d/l : KD =0.081 (d/l )-0.5 3. The coefficient of resistance for netting bundle was not depended upon the ratio of d/l :CR = 0.91 (), d : Twine diameter, l : Leg length, : Density of netting materals, $\omega$ : Density of water

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2013

Purpose: Abdominal compressor is used to control breathing in stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung tumors frequently. We evaluated the dynamic variation aspect of internal tumor volume by breathing. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 20 lung cancer patients (7 upper lung patients, 4 middle lung patients, 9 lower lung patients) who received stereotactic body radiotherapy using abdominal compressor between April 2012 to April 2013. Coordinate shift values were obtained by using four-dimensional cone-beam CT (4D-CBCT) to investigate treatment set-up error and moving tumor position error. To investigate how much difference of each part, we compared 95% confidence interval, maximum values and minimum values of three-dimensional vector value and analyzed conformity degree through the Pearson square correlation coefficient. Results: 95% confidence interval of three-dimensional vector value of each part is 1.8~2.9 mm in upper lobe, 2.3~5.4 mm in middle lobe and 2.2~4.0 mm in lower lobe. Conformity degree was the result that respectively is LR direction 0.75, SI direction 0.68 and AP direction 0.63 in upper lobe, LR direction 0.82, SI direction 0.51 and AP direction 0.92 in middle lobe and LR direction 0.63, SI direction 0.50 and AP direction 0.34 in lower lobe. Conclusion: We showed difference by each site in lung tumor due to respiration by using abdominal compressor. Therefore, we must correct treatment set-up error as well as moving tumor position error by breathing. It is also considered to be useful that it is the use of 4D-CBCT when correcting the error due to various dynamic variation.