• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.175-180
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• 2007

To evaluate whether there is a relation between Korean red ginseng (KRG)-intake and the suppression of immune hyperactivation in HIV-1-infected patients, we measured serum soluble CD8 (sCD8) over 31-48 months in 168 patients. They were divided into four groups; HIV-1-infected control (n = 49), zidovudine (ZDV) group (n = 22), KRG group (n = 48), and combination of KRG and ZDV group (n = 49). In control, sCD8 and the ratio of sCD8/CD8+ T cells significantly increased by 33% (paired t-test, P < 0.05) and 54% over $21\;{\pm}\;13$ months (P < 0.001), respectively. In ZDV group, sCD8 decreased within first 6 months and then showed steady increase and the ratio also increased over $19\;{\pm}\;10$ months. In KRG group, sCD8 and the ratio of sCD/CD8+ T cells continuously decreased by 45% (P < 0.01) and 19% over $19\;{\pm}\;11$ months (P < 0.05), respectively. In combination group, sCD8 gradually decreased by 29% (P < 0.01). There was a clear difference in the changes in serum sCD8 over time among 4 groups. There was no rebound phenomenon in KRG group as shown in ZDV group. These results suggest that KRG-intake suppresses immune hyperactivation state by HIV antigen itself in the HIV-infected patients.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the similarity between hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) titers and sample to positive ratio (S/P ratio) of Newcastle disease(ND) virus. To perform this study, the 372 sera of broiler chicks and 120 sera of layers and breed chicks were collected from slaughter house and farms, respectively. As a result of HI test out of different chicks, the positive percentage of ND antibody titer of broiler, layer and breeder, when a standard positive HI titer were '2', was 84.4%, 100% and 100%, respectively. The positive percentage of ND antibody titer by ELISA was shown 38.4%, 100% and 100% and S/P ratio were also shown 81.5%, 98.2% and 99.2%, respectively. The results of comparative survey with same sera by two experimental methods were as follows; In low HI titer, ELISA titer was not similar to HI titer, but S/P ratio was similar to it. In high HI titer, ELISA titer was not similar to HI titer. Therefore, HI titer was more similar to S/P ratio than ELISA titer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1988

This research was designed to investigate the influence of dietary fat and cholesterol on the excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids of rats. Experimental groups were divided into 6 groups according to the dietary treatment. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments included 3 levels of dietary fat(15, 30 or 45% energy) and 2 levels of dietary fat saturation(0.5 or 1.0n P/S ratio). After 4 weeks feeding, fecal excretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids were determined. The following results were obtained. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were singnificantly influenced by dietary fat level. Lipid digestibility was significantly increased in proportion to the level of dietary fat. However, no effect has been found in fecal secretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids by the differences of dietary fat levels and P/S ratios. The consumption of dietary cholesterol improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and lipid digestibility, but decreased total lipids excretion. And also, neutral steroids excretion showed tendency of increase with decreasing the fraction of coprostanol and increasing that of coprostanone, and total bile acids showed tendency of decrease by the consumption of dietary cholesterol.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study to evaluate visual acuity and refractive state and measure and analyze the components of eye's optical system in children and teenagers. Methods: With subjects of 124 (230 eyes) children and teenagers who had no eye diseases, correlation between the correlation between refractive errors and component's of eye's optical system was investigated. The spherical equivalent power of cycloplegic clinical refraction or manifest clinical refraction(SE), corneal power(CP), corneal radius(CR), axial length(AL), anterior chamber depth(ACD) and axial length to corneal radius (AL/CR) ratio were measured and analysed. Results: the SE was negatively correlated with the AL(r = -0.80, p = 0.00), the ACD(r = -0.35, p = 0.00) and the CR(r = -0.11, p=0.00) and positively correlated with the CP(r = +0.11, p=0.00). The AL was positively correlated with the AL/CR ratio (r = +0.84, p = 0.00), the ACD(r = +0.47, p=0.00) and the CR(r = +0.38, p = 0.00) and negatively correlated with the CP(r = -0.38, p=0.00). The CR was negatively correlated with CP(r = -1.00, p = 0.00), the AL/CR ratio(r = -0.19, p = 0.00) and the ACD(r = -0.06, p = 0.39). The CP was positively correlated with the AL/CR ratio(r = +0.19, p = 0.00) and the ACD(r = +0.06, p = 0.39). The ACD was positively correlated with the AL/CR ratio(r = 0.53, p = 0.00). Conclusions: the highest change of refractive errors was shown that the AL/CR ratio was a very important indicator for diagnosing the refractive errors of the children and teenagers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1612-1619
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to optimize ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, including enzyme-to-substrate (E/S) ratio, pH, and temperature, for producing porcine liver hydrolysates (PLHs) with the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity by using response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: The study used RSM to determine the combination of hydrolysis parameters that maximized the antioxidant activity of our PLHs. Temperature ($40^{\circ}C$, $54^{\circ}C$, and $68^{\circ}C$), pH (8.5, 9.5, and 10.5), and E/S ratio (0.1%, 2.1%, and 4.1%) were selected as the independent variables and analyzed according to the preliminary experiment results, whereas DPPH free radical scavenging activity was selected as the dependent variable. Results: Analysis of variance showed that E/S ratio, pH, and temperature significantly affected the hydrolysis process (p<0.01). The optimal conditions for producing PLHs with the highest scavenging activity were as follows: E/S ratio, 1.4% (v/w); temperature, $55.5^{\circ}C$; and initial pH, 10.15. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating ability, and reducing power of PLHs were 24.12%, 79%, 98.18%, and 0.601 absorbance unit, respectively. The molecular weight of most PLHs produced under these optimal conditions was less than 5,400 Da and contained 45.7% hydrophobic amino acids. Conclusion: Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis can be applied to obtain favorable antioxidant hydrolysates from porcine liver with potential applications in food products for preventing lipid oxidation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.193-196
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• 2001

Single phase $CuInS_2$ thin film with the highest diffraction peak (112) at diffraction angle $(2\theta)$ of $27.7^{\circ}$ and the second highest diffraction peak (220) at diffraction angle $(2\theta)$ of $46.25^{\circ}$ was well made with chalcopyrite structure at substrate temperature of $70^{\circ}C$, annealing temperature of $250^{\circ}C$, annealing time of 60 min. The $CuInS_2$ thin film had the greatest grain size of $1.2{\mu}m$ and Cu/In composition ratio of 1.03. Lattice constant of a and c of that $CuInS_2$ thin film was 5.60 A and 11.12 A respectively. Single phase $CuInS_2$ thin films were accepted from Cu/In composition ratio of 0.84 to 1.3. P-type $CuInS_2$ thin films were appeared at over Cu/In composition ratio of 0.99. Under Cu/In composition ratio of 0.96, conduction types of $CuInS_2$ thin films were n-type. Also, fundamental absorption wavelength, the absorption coefficient and optical energy band gap of p-type $CuInS_2$ thin film with Cu/In composition ratio of 1.3 was 837 nm, $3.0{\times}104cm^{-1}$ and 1.48 eV respectively. When Cu/In composition ratio was 0.84, fundamental absorption wavelength, the absorption coefficient and optical energy band gap of n-type $CuInS_2$ thin film was 821 nm, $6.0{\times}10^4cm^{-1}$ and 1.51 eV respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.193-196
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• 2001

Single phase CuInS$_2$ thin film with the highest diffraction peak (112) at diffraction angle (2$\theta$) of 27.7$^{\circ}$ and the second highest diffraction peak (220) at diffraction angle (2$\theta$) of 46.25$^{\circ}$ was well made with chalcopyrite structure at substrate temperature of 70 $^{\circ}C$, annealing temperature of 25$0^{\circ}C$, annealing time of 60 min. The CuInS$_2$ thin film had the greatest grain size of 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and Cu/In composition ratio of 1.03. Lattice constant of a and c of that CuInS$_2$ thin film was 5.60 $\AA$ and 11.12 $\AA$ respectively. Single phase CuInS$_2$ thin films were accepted from Cu/In composition ratio of 0.84 to 1.3. P-type CuInS$_2$ thin films were appeared at over Cu/In composition ratio of 0.99. Under Cu/In composition ratio of 0.96, conduction types of CuInS$_2$ thin films were n-type. Also, fundamental absorption wavelength, the absorption coefficient and optical energy band gap of p-type CuInS$_2$ thin film with Cu/In composition ratio of 1.3 was 837 nm, 3.0x10 $^4$ $cm^{-1}$ / and 1.48 eV respectively. When CuAn composition ratio was 0.84, fundamental absorption wavelength, the absorption coefficient and optical energy band gap of n-type CuInS$_2$ thin film was 821 nm, 6.0x10$^4$ $cm^{-1}$ / and 1.51 eV respectively.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.351-356
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the gait characteristics in Parkinson's disease patients. Specifically, the total stance time and the ratio of each stance phase (heel strike, mid-stance, propulsion) are analyzed from the foot-pressure measurement system which requires low cost and small space compared to the conventional gait analysis system. The gait characteristics were analyzed in 23 Parkinson's disease patients (before and after L-dopa medication), 34 elderly (sixties) normal subjects and 21 young (twenties) normal subjects. Bradykinesia global score (self-developed score of slowness of body movement) of patients before medication was determined to see the relationship between the score and the gait characteristics. The total stance time was greater in the erde. of patients, elderly, youngs (p<0.05). The phase ratio of heel strike and propulsion was smaller and that of mid-stance was greater in the order of patients, elderly, youngs (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the above gait characteristics of patients before and after medication. There was a tendency, though statistically non-significant, that the total stance time is longer and the propulsion phase ratio is shorter in patients with greater Bradikinesia global scale, and this tendency was relieved after medication.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1988

In Graves' disease, changes in orbital tissue and structure are casued by inflammatory infiltation, which induces increase of capillary permeability and breakdown of blood-tissue barriers. Using the uptake of $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ in inflammatory lesion, Eye/Brain radioactivity ratios in brain scintigraphy were evaluated in 15 normal controls and 40 Graves' patients. The results were as follows; 1) Eye/Brain radioactivity ratio was significantly higher in Graves' ophthalmopthy group than in control group (p < 0.005). 2) In Graves' ophthalmopathy, Eye/Brain radioactivity ratio was significantly higher in active (progressive) group than in inactive (non-progressive) group (p < 0.05). 3) There was no correlation between class of ATA classification of Graves' ophthalmopathy and Eye/Brain radioactivity ratio. 4) There was no correlation between Eye/Brain radioactivity ratio and serum activity of TBII. In conclusion, Eye/Brain radioactivity ratio using $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ brain scintigraphy may be useful to determine the activity of Graves' ophthalmopathy and whether treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy is necessary or not.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.871-877
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to compare growth of Pllioblastus pygmaed and soil characteristics as affected by difference of soil thickness and mixture ratio in shallow-extensive green roof module system, and to identify the level of soil thickness and mixture as suitable growing condition to achieve the desired plants in green roof. Different soil thickness levels were achieved under 15cm and 25cm of shallow-extensive green roof module system that was made by woody materials for $500{\times}500{\times}300mm$. Soil mixture ratio were three types for perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=6:2:2(v/v/v, $P_6P_2L_2$), perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=5:3:2(v/v/v, $P_5P_3L_2$) and perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=4:4:2(v/v/v, $P_4P_4L_2$). On June 2006, Pllioblastus pygmaed were planted directly in a green roof module system in rows. All treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replication. The results are summarized below. In term of soil characteristics, Soil acidity and electric conductivity was measured in pH 6.0~6.6 and 0.12dS/m~0.19dS/m, respectively. Organic matter and exchangeable cations desorption fell in the order: $P_4P_4L_2$ > $P_5P_3L_2$ > $P_6P_2L_2$. $P_6P_2L_2$ had higher levels of the total solid phase and liquid phase, and $P_4P_4L_2$ had gas phase for three phases of soil in the 15cm and 25cm soil thickness. Although Pllioblastus pygmaed was possibled soil thickness 15cm, there was a trend towards increased soil thickness with increased leaf length, number of leaves and chlorophyll contents in 25cm. The growth response of Pllioblastus pygmaed had fine and sustain condition in order to $P_6P_2L_2$ = $P_5P_3L_2$ > $P_4P_4L_2$. However, The results of this study suggested that plants grown under $P_4P_4L_2$ appear a higher density ground covering than plants grown under $P_6P_2L_2$. Collectively, our data emphasize that soil thickness for growth of Pllioblastus pygmaed were greater than soil mixture ratio in shallow-extensive green roof module system.