• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.273-281
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• 2009

Antioxidants partially ameliorated the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on sperm characteristics during in vitro storage. The objective of the present study was to investigate the single or synergetic antioxidative effect of curcumin and Vit. E on the characteristics of fresh boar sperm during in vitro storage. The sperm viability in curcumin, Vit. E supplementation and curcumin+Vit. $E+H_2O_2$ groups remained over 85.0% in 3 hr incubation period, but in 6 hr incubation period, curcumin+Vit. $E+H_2O_2$ groups was sharply dropped than those of curcumin and Vit. E group. The membrane intergrity in all evaluated groups except for $H_2O_2$ group did not significantly difference in 3 hr incubation period. The viability in curcumin or Vit. E supplementation were significantly increased than in curcumin+$H_2O_2$ and Vit. $E+H_2O_2$ group in 6 hr incubation period. The percentage of mitochondrial activity and acrosome intergrity obtained similar trends within same incubation periods irrespective of treatment. The lipid peroxidation of spermatozoal plasma membrane ranged from $11.6{\sim}17.5\;nM/l{\times}10^6$ and $14.0{\sim}19.0\;nM/l{\times}10^6$ in 3 hr and 6 hr incubation periods. In conclusion, curcumin or Vit. E surpplementation alone or cooperatively improved sperm viability index (motility, membrane intergrity, viability and survival rates) and fertility index (mitochondria activity, acrosome intergrity and lipid peroxidation) of fresh boar sperm, indicating that curcumin and Vit. E have a antioxidative properties through its scavenging activity against hydrogen peroxide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.520-526
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• 2013

To determine the kimchi with the best quality and functional characteristics, we manufactured and compared recipes for Korean and Japanese kimchi made either Korean or Japanese baechu cabbages. All batches were fermented for 4 weeks at $5^{\circ}C$, and tested for pH, texture, microbial count, sensory evaluation, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and cell proliferation (using the MTT assay on AGS human gastric cancer cells). By the third week of fermentation, Korean kimchi made with Korean baechu (KK) and Japanese kimchi made with Korean baechu (KJ) showed a higher acidity than Korean or Japanese kimchi made with Japanese baechu (JK and JJ, respectively). KK ranked highest in springiness, followed by KJ, JK, and JJ. Therefore, the texture of kimchi produced with Korean baechu was appears better than kimchi produced with Japanese baechu. This was confirmed in masticatory tests. Kimchi produced with Korean baechu (KK and KJ) showed lower total aerobic bacterial counts, while the total lactic acid bacterial counts were higher (p<0.05). In sensory evaluation test, KK received the highest overall acceptability score, while JJ earned the lowest score. In the DPPH assay for anti-oxidative activity, KK showed a 94% anti-oxidative effect, followed by KJ (92%), JK (91%), and JJ (88%) (p<0.05). In the MTT assay for analyzing the cell proliferation of AGS human gastric cancer cells, KK showed a 64% anticancer effect in vitro, followed by KJ (57%), JK (38%), and JJ (26%). Therefore, the anti-oxidative and anti-cancer functionalities of kimchi made with Korean baechu were higher than those made with Japanese baechu, regardless of the kimchi recipe applied. Overall, Korean baechu had important and superior effects on the quality and functionality of kimchi.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.465-475
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• 2024

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K9 is a probiotic strain that can be utilized from various bioactive substances isolated from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae. In this study, a genetic analysis of L. plantarum K9 revealed the existence of a bacterial chromosome and three plasmids. The glycolysis pathway and pentose phosphate pathway were examined for their normal functioning via an analysis of the core metabolic pathways of L. plantarum K9. Since the key enzymes, fluctose-1,6-bisphospatase (EC: 3.1.3.11) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (EC: 4.2.1.12)/2-keto-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) aldolase (EC: 4.2.1.55), of gluconeogenesis and the ED pathway were not identified from the L. plantarum K9 genome, we suggest that gluconeogenesis and the ED pathway are not performed in L. plantarum K9. Additionally, while some enzymes, related to fumarate and malate biosyntheses, involved in the TCA cycle were identified from L. plantarum K9, the enzymes associated with the remaining TCA cycle were absent, indicating that the TCA cycle cannot proceed. Meanwhile, based on our findings, we propose that the oxidative electron transport system performs class IIB-type (bd-type) electron transfer. In summary, we assert that L. plantarum K9 performs homolactic fermentation, executes gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and carries out energy metabolism through the class IIB-type oxidative electron transport system. Therefore, we suggest that L. plantarum K9 has relatively high lactic acid production, and that it has excellent antibacterial activity, as a result, compared to other lactic acid bacterial strains. Moreover, we speculate that L. plantarum K9 has an oxidative electron transport capability, indicating that it is highly resistant to oxygen and suggesting that it has fine cultivation characteristics, which collectively make it highly suitable for use as a probiotic.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.439-445
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• 2014

This study aimed to determine the quality characteristics of ginseng seed oil as well as evaluate the efficacy of ginseng seed oil as a food resource. Ginseng seed oil was obtained by different extraction methods; from solvent extraction oil, supercritical fluid extraction oil, and screw pressed extraction oil. Total unsaturated fatty acids were present at 97.72~97.92%. Oleic acid (80.13~81.16%) was the highest, followed by linoleic acid (14.98~15.69%). The total phenol content (mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g oil) was higher in screw pressed extraction oil ($56.32{\pm}1.47$) compared to others. ${\gamma}$-Tocopherol was only present in ginseng seed oil and screw pressed extraction oil showed the highest levels of ${\gamma}$-tocopherol ($5.95{\pm}0.25$ mg/100g oil) among the tested samples. Screw pressed extraction oil showed the greatest oxidative stability with an induction time of 16.58 hours. Acid values and peroxide values of ginseng seed oil increased with increasing storage period. The total phenol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol contents were higher in screw pressed extraction oil than in other ginseng seed oils, which suggests that screw pressed extraction oil has the greatest oxidative stability.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of extracts from fruit by-products on the blood characteristics, antioxidant activities, and immune response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in growing pigs. A total of 96 pigs [(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] with an initial BW of $27.94{\pm}0.92kg$ were used in a 6-week feeding trial. The pigs were randomly placed into one of four treatment groups with six replications (four pigs per replication) per treatment according to their initial BW. Treatments were: 1) CON (basal diet), 2) PRO (CON + 0.5% procyanidin), 3) HES (CON + 0.5% hesperetin), 4) TAN (CON + 0.5% tannin). At the end of the sixth week, five pigs (total 20 pigs, $BW=27.94{\pm}0.92kg$) were selected from each treatment and injected with LPS ($100{\mu}g/kg$ of BW). Blood samples were collected 3 h after LPS injection to assess anti-oxidative and inflammatory responses. After the LPS challenge, the concentration of serum cholesterol decreased with fruit by-product treatment compared with CON (p<0.05). The administration of TAN increased the concentration of blood total protein compared with the CON group 3 h after LPS challenge (p<0.05). The albumin concentration was also higher with PRO treatment compared to HES treatment (p<0.05). The concentration of IgM was increased by fruit by-product supplementation at 0 and 3 h (p<0.05). In addition, IgG concentration was higher in PRO, HES, and TAN treatments compared to CON treatment at 0 h, and IgG concentrations were also higher in the HES group compared to the CON group at 3 h (p<0.05). The concentration of IgA also increased with fruit by-product treatments at 3 h (p<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with fruit by-products may moderate the immune response after a LPS challenge in growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.720-732
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• 2001

Skeletal muscle is of major economic importance since it is finally converted to meat for consumers. The increase in meat production with low costs of production may be achieved by optimizing muscle growth, whereas a high meat quality requires, among other factors, the optimization of intramuscular glycogen and fat stores. Thus, research in energy metabolism aims at controling muscle metabolism, but also liver and adipose tissue metabolism in order to optimize energy partitioning in favour of muscles. Liver is characterized by high anabolic and catabolic rates. Metabolic enzymes are regulated by nutrients through short-term regulation of their activities and long-term regulation of expression of their genes. Consequences of liver metabolic regulation on energy supply to muscles may affect protein deposition (and hence growth) as well as intramuscular energy stores. Adipose tissues are important body reserves of triglycerides, which result from the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis. Both processes depend on the feeding level and on the nature of nutrients, which indirectly affect energy delivery to muscles. In muscles, the regulation of rate-limiting nutrient transporters, of metabolic enzyme activities and of ATP production, as well as the interactions between nutrients affect free energy availability for muscle growth and modify muscle metabolic characteristics which determine meat quality. The growth of tissues and organs, the number and the characteristics of muscle fibers depend, for a great part, on early events during the fetal life. They include variations in quantitative and qualitative nutrient supply to the fetus, and hence in maternal nutrition. During the postnatal life, muscle growth and characteristics are affected by the age and the genetic type of the animals, the feeding level and the diet composition. The latter determines the nature of available nutrients and the rate of nutrient delivery to tissues, thereby regulating metabolism. Physical activity at pasture also favours the orientation of muscle metabolism, towards the oxidative type. Consequently, breeding systems may be of a great importance during the postnatal life. Research is now directed towards the determination of individual tissue and organ energy requirements, a better knowledge of nutrient partitioning between and within organs and tissues. The discovery of new molecules (e. g. leptin), of new molecular mechanisms and of more powerful techniques (DNA chips) will help to achieve these objectives. The integration of the different levels of knowledge will finally allow scientists to formulate new types of diets adapted to sustain a production of high quality meat with lower costs of production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1561-1565
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidative effects of taurine on sperm characteristics for in vitro storage of boar semen. Semen was randomly divided into 10 groups in conical tubes and treated with different concentrations of taurine (25-100 mM) with or without $250{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$. The percentage of motile spermatozoa in taurine groups after 6 and 9 h were significantly higher at >94% and 87%, respectively, compared to the control group ($85.1{\pm}0.5$ and $72.4{\pm}0.3$, p<0.05). The sperm motility in taurine with $H_2O_2$ after 6 h incubation was slightly decreased compared to the taurine alone treatment, but after 9 and 12 h incubation % sperm motility dropped sharply in taurine with $H_2O_2$ ($75.3{\pm}0.3$ and $69.6{\pm}2.9$, p<0.05). For 3, 9 and 12 h incubation, sperm viability in the control was lower than in taurine groups, irrespective of taurine concentration. In eosin Y and nigrosin staining (ENS), the sperm survival rates (%) for 6 h incubation were significantly higher in 25 mM ($76.0{\pm}0.6$) and 50 mM taurine groups ($78.0{\pm}0.7$), respectively. Sperm survival rates for 9 and 12 h incubation were higher in taurine groups (${\geq}48%$ in 9 h and ${\geq}42%$ in 12 h) compared to controls ($43.0{\pm}2.1$ and $31.0{\pm}0.6$, respectively). In the hyoosmotic swelling test (HOST), sperm membrane integrity was similar to the results of sperm survival. These experiments indicate that supplementation of taurine to the semen extender can increase the sperm characteristics(motility, viability, survival and membrane integrity).

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2018

Climate change is believed to increase the amount of dissolved organic matter in surface water, as a result of the release of bulk organic matter, which make difficult to achieve a high quality of drinking water via conventional water treatment techniques. Therefore, the natural water treatment techniques, such as managed aquifer recharge (MAR), can be proposed as a alternative method to improve water quality greatly. Removal of bulk organic matter using managed aquifer recharge system is mainly achieved by biodegradation. Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) can be used as water quality indicators for biological stability of drinking water. In this study, we compared the change of BDOC and AOC with respect to pretreatment methods (i.e., ozone or peroxone). The oxidative pretreatment can transform the recalcitrant organic matter into readily biodegradable one (i.e., BDOC and AOC). We also investigated the differences of organic matter characteristics between BDOC and AOC. We observed the decreases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the tryptophan-like fluorescence intensities. Liquid chromatographic - organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) analysis also showed the reduction of the low molecular weight (LMW) fraction (15% removed, less than 500 Da), which is known to be easily biodegradable, and the biopolymers, high molecular weight fractions (66%). Therefore, BDOC consists of a broad range of organic matter characteristics with respect to molecular weight. In AOC, low molecular weight organic matter and biopolymers fraction was reduced by 11 and 6%, respectively. It confirmed that biodegradation by microorganisms as the main removal mechanism in AOC, while BDOC has biodegradation by microorganism as well as the sorption effects from the sand. $O_3$ and $O_3+H_2O_2$ were compared with respect to biological stability and dissolved organic matter characteristics. BDOC and AOC were determined to be about 1.9 times for $O_3$ and about 1.4 times for $O_3+H_2O_2$. It was confirmed that $O_3$ enhanced the biodegradability by increasing LMW dissolved organic matter.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of native Korean Allium wakegi Araki samples, which were grown from seven local seed bulbs(Yesan, Muan, Anmyon-do, Deokjeok-do, Jeju-do, Yecheon, and China) to produce high quality native Korean Allium wakegi Araki. For the proximate composition of samples, moisture contents were in the range of 90.69~92.43%. The crude protein content of the Jeju-do sample was highest compared to the other samples. However, there were no significant differences in total sugar contents between samples. The seed bulb origin did not affect the hardness of the stem part, but was high for the leaves of the Yesan sample compared to the other samples. The results for anti-oxidative activity were as follows: Yesan(2.30 mg/mL) > China(2.51 mg/mL) > Muan (2.56 mg/mL) > Yecheon(2.74 mg/mL) > Jeju-do(2.85 mg/mL) > Anmyon-do(2.87 mg/mL) > Deokjeok-do(3.18 mg/mL). In terms of mineral and amino acid contents, the Yesan sample showed the highest levels, respectively, compared with the other samples. Food values such as contents of total phenolics and pyruvic acid were highest in the Jeju-do sample. These results show that the physicochemical characteristics of Allium wakegi Araki were significantly different according to different seed bulb origins.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2012

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationships of muscle fiber characteristics to dietary energy density [3.0(Low-E) vs. 3.2 (Med-E) Mcal DE/kg)] and slaughter weight [SW; 110, 125, and 138 kg] in finishing pigs (gilt vs. barrow) using a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial treatment design. Forty-one longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) samples were analyzed histochemically, with growth performance and physicochemical data for the 41 animals and their LM out of 192 animals and 72 LM used in a previous study retrospectively included. The ADG was less (P<0.01) in the Low-E than in the Med-E group (0.93 vs. 0.73 kg) whereas lightness ($L^*$) and redness ($a^*$) of LM were greater in the Low-E group SW did not influence these variables. The diameter and perimeter of the type I (slow-oxidative), type IIA (fast oxido-glycolytic) and type IIB (fast glycolytic) fibers increased with increasing SW whereas densities of the fibers decreased. However, the number and area percentages of the fiber types were not influenced by SW or dietary energy density. The percentage and per-$mm^2$ density of type IIB fibers were negatively correlated with SW (r = -0.33 and -0.57, with P<0.05 and <0.01, respectively), whereas type I fiber number percentage was positively correlated with SW (r = 0.31; P<0.05). Marbling score was negatively correlated (P<0.05) with type I (r = -0.36) and type IIB (r = -0.39) fiber densities. The $a^*$ was correlated (P<0.01) with both type I and type IIB fiber number percentages in the opposite way (r = 0.42 and -0.47, respectively). However, $L^*$ (lightness), drip loss and $pH_{24h}$ were not correlated with the fiber number percentage or density of any fiber type. Collectively, results indicate that muscle fibers grow by hypertrophy during the late finishing period, but that fiber characteristics other than the size are not significantly influenced by dietary energy density or SW.