• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the properties of the functional gradient thermal barrier coatings by plasma spray process. The evaluations of mechanical and thermal properties such as fatigue, oxidation and wear-resistance at high temperatures have been conducted. Furthermore, residual stress and bond strength have been evaluated. The range of thickness of coated layers was 550~600$\mu\textrm{m}$. The range of hardness of layers was 800~900 Hv and the porosity range of coatings was about 7 to 14%. The top coating layer of $ZrO_2$ in thermal barrier was composed of tetragonal structure after spraying. The coated layers of $ZrO_2$ on the Inconel substrate is the best resistance for thermal fatigue. Those coatings had the least compressive stress in comparison with other coatings. In high temperature oxidation test, the coatings on Inconel substrate was better than the coatings on SUS substrate. The bond strength of the concave type was greater than that of linear types and convex types coatings.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.141-148
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• 2018

Photo-oxidation is one of the main causes of food deterioration of great variety of foods, such as dairy products, nuts, meat products, and wine. It causes a loss of both nutritional value and sensorial quality of products and may even leads to the formation of toxic compounds. Active packaging for food and beverages has been investigated and developed with embedding light absorbers or blocking materials into the plastics. In recent years, several novel light barrier materials have been proposed as an alternative option for different applications. This article reviews the up-to-date technology in light absorber and blocking material with special emphasis on chemical compound and mechanism. Inorganic, organic, hybrid organic-inorganic, and natural light absorbers were scoped. The challenges and future perspectives of light barrier materials are also discussed.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.63-71
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• 2002

Three fabrication techniques for forming thin barrier layer with uniform thickness and large barrier height in magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) are discussed. First, the effect of immiscible element addition to Cu layer, a high conducting layer generally placed under the MTJ, is investigated in order to reduce the surface roughness of the bottom ferromagnetic layer, on which the barrier is formed. The Ag addition to the Cu layer successfully realizes the smooth surface of the ferromagnetic layer because of the suppression of the grain growth of Cu. Second, a new plasma source, characterized as low electron energy of 1 eV and high density of $10^{12}$ $cm^{-3}$, is introduced to the Al oxidation process in MTJ fabrication in order to reduce damages to the barrier layer by the ion-bombardment. The magnetotransport properties of the MTJs are investigated as a function of the annealing temperature. As a peculiar feature, the monotonous decrease of resistance area product (RA) is observed with increasing the annealing temperature. The decrease of the RA is due to the decrease of the effective barrier width. Third, the influence of the mixed inert gas species for plasma oxidization process of metallic Al layer on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) was investigated. By the use of Kr-O$_2$ plasma for Al oxidation process, a 58.8 % of MR ratio was obtained at room temperature after annealing the junction at $300{^{\circ}C}$, while the achieved TMR ratio of the MTJ fabricated with usual Ar-$0_2$ plasma remained 48.4%. A faster oxidization rate of the Al layer by using Kr-O$_2$ plasma is a possible cause to prevent the over oxidization of Al layer and to realize a large magnetoresistance.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.90-93
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• 2001

Co/$Al_O_3$/NiFe and CO/$Al_O_3$/Co tunnel junctions were fabricated by a radio frequency magnetron sputtering at room temperature with hard mask on glass and $4^{\circ}$ tilt cut Si (111) substrates. The barrier layer was formed through two steps. After the Al layer was deposited, it was oxidized in the chamber of a reactive ion etching system (RIE) with $O_2$plasma at various conditions. The dependence of the TMR value and junction resistance on the thickness of Al layer (before oxidation) and oxidation parameters were investigated. Magnetoresistance value of 7% at room temperature was obtained by optimizing the Al layer thickness and oxidation conditions. Circular shape junctions on $4^{\circ}$tilt cut Si (111) substrate showed 4% magnetoresistance. Photovoltaic energy conversion effect was observed with the cross-strip geometry junctions on Si substrate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.120-122
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• 2005

An alumina membrane with nano-sized pore array by anodic oxidation using thin film aluminum deposited on silicon wafer was fabricated. It is important that the sample prepared by metal deposition method has a flat aluminum surface and a good adhesion between the silicon wafer and the thin film aluminum. The oxidation time was controlled by observation of current variation. While the oxalic acid with 0.2M was used for low voltage anodization under 100V, the chromic acid with 0.1M was used for high voltage anodization over 100V. The nano-sized pores with diameter of 60~120nm was obtained by low voltage anodization of 40~90V and those of 200~300nm was obtained by high voltage anodization of 120~160V. Finally, the sample was immersed to the phosphoric acid with 0.1M concentration to etching the barrier layer. The sample will be applied to electronic sensors, field emission display, and template for nano-structure.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.494-498
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• 2001

Ferromagnets(FM)-Al-$O_{x}$ -Ferromagnets (FM) tunneling junctions were evaluated by changing the fabricating conditions of an Al-X$/_{x}$ layer. The junction composed of a thicker Al-$O_{x}$ shows the low resistance and the stable MR ratio about 16% in a wide range of oxidation time. For the junctions with the thinner Al-$O_{x}$ , they showed a fast increase of the barrier width as an increase of an oxidation time and exhibited a strong bias dependence. As oxidation time increased, the coercivity ($H_{c}$ ) of bottom Co layer increased gradually due to the local oxidation of Co bottom layer at a interface. However, the small formation of Co oxide did not largely influence on the deterioration of MR ratio.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1999.03b
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• pp.144-148
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• 1999

The relationship between oxidation and sliding wear behavior of Fe-28 at%. Al alloys with B2 ordered structure has been investigated. Sliding wear tests of the alloys have been carried out under various environmental conditions using a pin-on-disk wear tester. The wear rate of the ordered alloys in an oxygen atmoshpere was found to be much lower than in an oxygen atmosphere showed that Fe2O oxides formed on the wearing surface. The oxide layer prevented direct contact of the two mating materials and therefore improved wear resistance of the Fe-Al intermetallic alloy. It was found that the surface Al2O3 oxide layer which provides good oxidation resistance and improved mechanical properties broke down easily and didnot function properly as an oxidation barrier.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.60-73
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• 1987

For the purpose of improving the cyclic oxidation resistance of Ni-base superalloy, Inconel 600, aluminide coating methods are studied. The formation rate of aluminide coating layers is measured as a function of time and pack composition to find out the optimum coating condition. The evaluation of cyclic oxidation is established by the change in weight, the microphotography and EPMA of cross sectional area during $200^{\circ}C\;{\leftrightarrow}\;950^{\circ}C\;and\;200^{\circ}C\;{\leftrightarrow}\;1100^{\circ}C$, respectively. The thickness of coating layer and weight gains are parabolic behavior in propotion to time and Al contents. In pack of low aluminum contents, 2 wt%, however, weight gain is decreased when activator, $NH_4Cl$ is higher than 2 wt%. The cyclic oxidation resistance of the coating carried out at 1100$^{\circ}C$ are superior to those of the coating diffusion-treated after pack cementation at 800$^{\circ}C$. Aluminide oxide, which is formed in external scale, is barrier to the cyclic oxidation.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.283-288
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• 2019

MCrAlY overaly coatings are used as oxidation barrier coatings to prevent degradation of the underlying substrate in high temperature and oxidizing environment of the hot section of gas turbines. Therefore, oxidation resistance in high temperature is important property of MCrAlY coatings. Also, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of MCrAlY have middle value of that of Ni-based superalloys and oxides, which have the effect of preventing the delamination of the surface oxides. Cyclic oxidation test is one of the most useful methods for evaluating the high temperature durability of coatings used in gas turbines. In this study, NiCoCrAlY overlay coatings were formed on Inconel 792(IN 792) substrates by vacuum plasma spraying process. Vacuum plasma sprayed NiCoCrAlY coatings and IN 792 susbstrates were exposed to 1000℃ one-hour cyclic oxidation environment. NiCoCrAlY coatings showed lower weight gain in short-term oxidation. In long-term oxidation, IN 792 substrates showed higher weight loss due to delamination of surface oxide but NiCoCrAlY coatings showed lower weight loss. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed α-Al2O3 and NiCr₂O₄ was formed during the cyclic oxidation test. Through cross-section observation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer composed of α-Al₂O₃ and NiCr₂O₄ was formed and the thickness of TGO increased during 1000℃ cyclic oxidation test. β phase in upper side of NiCoCrAlY coating was depleted due to oxidation of Al and outer beta depletion zone thickness also increased as the cyclic oxidation time increased.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.59-59
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• 2002