• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.212-216
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• 2006

Root of Scutellaria baicalensis G. was extracted with methanol and water to give the yield of 30.0% in order to find the antioxidant substance. The extract was fractionated with diethyl ether, n-butanol and water to test the inhibitive activity against xanthine oxidase. Three fractions inhibited the activities of xanthine oxidase by 48.2%, 10.2% and 2.8%, respectively, at the amount of $0.1\;{\mu}g$. A component that exhibited strong inhibition of xanthine oxidase was isolated from diethyl ether fraction (SE Fr.) by silica gel column chromatography and HPLC, and then identified by $^1H-NMR$, $^{13}C-NMR$ and MS spectrophotometry. EDA (Electron Donating ability) of the compound was 28.5% at the concentration $100\;{\mu}g/3\;ml$. That was identified to be 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2'-methoxyflavanone by spectrophotometric analysis using $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and Mass spectrophotometry.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to test the effect of catalase on penetration in vitro by spermatozoa preincubated with xanthine and/or xanthine oxidase. The penetration rates were, significantly (p<0.05) higher in spermatozoa preincubated without (66 and 38%) than with (40 and 15%) catalase for 0 and 30 min. When spermatozoa were preincubated and inseminated in medium with xanthine, the penetration rates were significantly higher (p<0.05) in medium with (68, 70 and 49% for 0, 30 and 60 min) than without (33, 41 and 19% for 0, 30 and 60 min) catalase. However, in oocytes were' inseminated with spermatozoa pre incubated with or without catalase in the presence of xanthine oxidase, no decrease in penetrations rates were observed for up to 60 min of preincubation. In another experiment, the penetration rates were significantly (p<0.00l) higher in medium with (75, 55 and 52%) than without (14, 4 and 8%) catalase when oocytes were inseminated with spermatozoa preincubated for 0, 30 and 60 min in the presence of xanthine plus xanthine oxidase. On the other hand, The rate of polyspermy in oocytes penetrated in medium without catalase in the presence of xanthine or xanthine plus xanthine oxidase decreased with time of spermatozoa preincubation. However, no differences were observed in polyspermy rates in the medium with xanthine oxidase alone despite presence of catalase. These results indicate the advantages of spermatozoa pre incubated with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase in the presence of catalase to increase penetration potential and with suppressed polyspermy in porcine.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.101-119
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• 2004

Ginseng Radix Alba and Cyperi Rhizoma were investigated for their anti-depressant effects. For this purpose, forced-swimming test, tail suspension test, hot plate test, reserpine-induced hypothermia, aggressive behavior test were performed. In addition, the brain content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(a metabolite of serotonin), the monoamine oxidase activity, anticonvulsant effect, sleep enhancement effect were determined. The results are as follows: In the forced swimming test, Ginseng Radix diminished the duration of immobility by 45.5% compared to the control group, while Cyperi Rhizoma showed weaker effect (12.4% reduction) at 2g/kg. In the tail suspension test, the effect of Ginseng Radix(43.7% reduction) are also better than that of Cyperi Rhizoma(15.6% reduction) at 2g/kg. In the hot plate test, Ginseng Radix showed no difference as compared to control, while Cyperi Rhizoma increased the jump latency time by about 25% after administration for 10 days. In the reserpine-induced hypothermia test, both drugs slowly dropped the body temperature compared to the control group, especially the rate of hypothermia of Ginseng Radix was 24.0% at 1g/kg. In the aggressive behavior test, both drugs delayed the onset time, decreased the duration and frequency, of which effects were better in Cyperi Rhizoma. The content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in mice brain was slightly increased in Ginseng Radix, while Cyperi Rhizoma increased its level almost to the control group. Both drugs inhibited the monoamine oxidase activity in a dose-dependent manner, but the effect(51.2%) of Cyperi Rhizoma was more potent than the effect(11.8%) of Ginseng Radix. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep test, Cyperi Rhizoma exhibited no significant difference against the control group, while Ginseng Radix showed about two-fold enhancement at 2g/kg. The anticonvulsant effect of both drugs delayed the onset time, shortened the duration of convulsion and diminished the lethality, but Ginseng Radix were better than Cyperi Rhizoma.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2011

The genetic diversity and population history of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, were investigated with a nucleotide sequence analysis of 536 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) in 111 samples collected from four populations in Korea and one in Japan. In total, 28 haplotypes were defined by 27 variable nucleotide sites in the COI region examined. The observed haplotypes had a shallow haplotype genealogy and no geographical associations. Most of the populations had high haplotype diversity (0.656-0.788) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00165-0.00244), and significant negative values for Fu's $F_S$, suggesting rapid and recent population growth from an ancestral population and sudden population expansion. The pairwise fixation indices ($F_{ST}$) estimated with the exact test and the migration rates indicate that substantial gene flow occurs among these populations as a result of sea currents, except between the Yellow Sea coast of Korea (BUA) and the Pacific Ocean coast of Japan (JPA). These two populations (BUA and JPA) showed significant genetic differentiation and low migration rate.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.295-299
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• 2022

Malaria elimination and control require prompt and accurate diagnosis for treatment plan. Since microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT) are not sensitive particularly for diagnosing low parasitemia, highly sensitive diagnostic tools are required for accurate treatment. Molecular diagnosis of malaria is commonly carried out by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 18S rRNA gene, while this technique involves long turnaround time and multiple steps leading to false positive results. To overcome these drawbacks, we compared highly sensitive cytochrome oxidase gene-based single-step multiplex reaction with 18S rRNA nested PCR. Cytochrome oxidase (cox) genes of P. falciparum (cox-III) and P. vivax (cox-I) were compared with 18S rRNA gene nested PCR and microscopy. Cox gene multiplex PCR was found to be highly specific and sensitive, enhancing the detection limit of mixed infections. Cox gene multiplex PCR showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97%. This approach can be used as an alternative diagnostic method as it offers higher diagnostic performance and is amenable to high throughput scaling up for a larger sample size at low cost.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2006

Opuntia humifusa is a member of the Cactaceae family. In the present study, the antioxidant, nitric oxide(NO) inhibitory activities and potential irritation response of the fermented Opuntia humifusa cladodes(FOH) were investigated for cosmetic use. Antioxidant activities were tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and xanthine oxidase assay, we found that FOH could scavenge DPPH free radicals and inhibit xanthine oxidase activity in a dose dependent manner, with $IC_{50}$ of 2599.46${\mu}g/ml$ and 721.38${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. To investigate the possible anti-inflammatory effects of FOH, RAW 264.7 macrophages were pretreated with FOH($0{\sim}400{\mu}g/ml$) for 30 min and then treated with LPS for 24 h. We found that cell number did not vary significantly with the treatment of FOH, and FOH did not show any inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production. After application of FOH to rabbits for skin and eye irritation test, the experimental sites did not show any response compared to the control. FOH were considered to be a non-irritant to the skin and eye. Based on the above information, we suggest that FOH can be considered to be a non-irritant base cosmetic material for safely use.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.106-110
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• 1991

The mode of inheritance of resistance to fenvalerate in the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) was studied using insecticide susceptibility and mixed function oxidase tests. Tehre were no differences in the concentration-mortality relationships between $F_1$ progenies $(S_{female}\timesR_{male},\;R_{female}\timesS_{male})$ obtained from reciprocal crosses with the susceptible and fenvalerate-selected strains(R), indicating the absence of sex-linked inheritance. Degree of dominance of the $F_1$ progenies $(S_{female}\timesR_{male},\;R_{female}\timesS_{male})$ were -0.50 and -0.46, respectively, in the insecticide susceptibility test and -0.85 and -0.81, respectively, in the mixed function oxidase test. These results suggest that inheritance of fenvalerate resistance is controlled by and incompletely recessive autosomal gene.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.231-240
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• 2000

Effects of Jasmonic Acid and Wounding on Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Senescing Tomato Leaves The effects of jasmonic acid(JA) and wounding on polyphenol oxidase(PPO) during leaf senescence was investigated by measuring the PPO activity in detached tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves of two-week-old seedlings. The PPO activity in the detached senescing leaves increased significantly in the dark. The leaf segments responded to the application of JA with accelerated senescence, as indicated by the loss of chlorophyll and rapid increase in the PPO activity. The senescence-promoting action of JA differed in the light and dark. Wounding the detached senescing leaves by scraping surface segments or making punctures with needles considerably delayed the loss of chlorophyll and had a significant effect on the PPO activity, the amounts of which were roughly proportional to the intensity of the wounding. In the dark, the combination of wounding plus JA resulted in stable levels of chlorophyll and PPO. JA and ABA acted similarly in both unwounded and wounded leaves, however, the amount of chlorophyll and PPO in the wounded segments was always higher than in the respective controls. JA was found to eliminate the senescence-retarding action of benzyladenine. In a histochemical localization test, the PPO activity was found to be localized in the cell walls of the parenchyma tissue, thereby indicating moderate cytoplasmic reactions. In the JA-treated plants, the PPO activity was intense in the cells of the cortex and phloem parenchyma. Accordingly, based on these observations it would appear that PPO is a component of a defense response maker, whereas JA plays an integral role in the intracellular signal transduction involved in inducible defense mechanisms.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2012

This research was designed to determine what components of Gardenia jasminoides play a major role in inhibiting the enzymes related antidepressant activity of this plant. In our previous research, the ethyl acetate fraction of G. jasminosides fruits inhibited the activities of both monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), and oral administration of the ethanolic extract slightly increased serotonin concentrations in the brain tissues of rats and decreased MAO-B activity. In addition, we found through in vitro screening test that the ethyl acetate fraction showed modest inhibitory activity on dopamine-${\beta}$ hydroxylase (DBH). The bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of five bio-active compounds, protocatechuic acid (1), geniposide (2), 6'-O-trans-p-coumaroylgeniposide (3), 3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) heptanes (4), and ursolic acid (5), from the ethyl acetate fraction of G. jasminoides fruits. The isolated compounds showed different inhibitory potentials against MAO-A, -B, and DBH. Protocatechuic acid showed potent inhibition against MAO-B ($IC_{50}$ $300{\mu}mol/L$) and DBH ($334{\mu}mol/L$), exhibiting weak MAO-A inhibition (2.41 mmol/L). Two iridoid glycosides, geniposide ($223{\mu}mol/L$) and 6'-O-trans-p-coumaroylgeniposide ($127{\mu}mol/L$), were selective MAO-B inhibitor. Especially, 6'-O-trans-p-coumaroylgeniposide exhibited more selective MAO-B inhibition than deprenyl, well-known MAO-B inhibitor for the treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease. The inhibitory activity of 3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) heptane was strong for MAO-B ($196{\mu}mol/L$), modest for MAO-A ($400{\mu}mol/L$), and weak for DBH ($941{\mu}mol/L$). Ursolic acid exhibited significant inhibition of DBH ($214{\mu}mol/L$), weak inhibition of MAO-B ($780{\mu}mol/L$), and no inhibition against MAO-A. Consequently, G. jasminoides fruits are considerable for development of biofunctional food materials for the combination treatment of depression and neurodegenerative disorders.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.367-374
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• 1985

The age-related changes of monoamine contents and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in the whole brain and blood pressures were measured and compared every week during the ages of 5 weeks to 12 weeks in two types of animals; (1) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and (2) normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (NR). Blood pressures in SHR began to rise at the ages of 7 or 8 weeks and were significantly higher thereafter than in NR. Abnormally low MAO activities in the brain of SHR were detected from the ages of 8 weeks. Comparisons were also made between brain monoamine-norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytrytamine contents of SHR and those of NR at the same ages throughout the test period. In SHR, none of those monoamine values was consistently higher or lower than in NR during the test period. Protein contents of the brain between SHR and NR were not significantly different at any ages. These observations suggest that the abnormally low MAO activities in SHR brain may be one of the underlying neurological factors for the susceptibilities to hypertension and the deficit of MAO activities may be due to the changes in properties rather than in amount of this enzyme.