• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2012

The effects of ovulation induction in ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, were investigated by treating ussurian bullhead with hCG, LHRHa, GnRHa, ovaprim, and pimozide. hCG was injected to ussurian bullhead at 0.75% NaCl, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 IU, respectively. The ovulation inducement rates were 100% in 20,000 and 30,000 IU. Fertilization rates were 82.7% and 79.8%. Hatching rates were 59.4% and 57.2%. Ovulation time was between 16-19 hr The concentrations of LHRHa injected were 0.75 NaCl, 50, 100, 200, 300, and $300{\mu}g/kg$. The ovulation inducement rates were 100% in 300 and $400{\mu}g/kg$. Fertilization and hatching rates were 84.9% and 68.4% at $200{\mu}g/kg$. The times to ovulation were between 23 hr and 34 hr. Ovaprim of 0.75% NaCl, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 ml/kg were injected to the abdominal cavity. The ovulation inducement rate was highest at 2.0 and 3.0 ml/kg to 92% and ovulation time was between 27-38 hr. LHRHa concentrations of 0.75% NaCl, 50, 100, 200, 300 and $400{\mu}g$ were injected with pimozide ($1,000{\mu}g$). Ovulation inducement rate was 100% from 200 to 400 IU with pimozide. Ovulation time was 22-36 h. Fertilization and hatching rates were 88.9% and 70.4% in $200{\mu}g/kg$ with pimozide.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the breeding efficiency in Thoroughbred mare. A total of 106 mares were investigated for the status of follicle (462 cases), ovulation (179 cases) and pregnancy (346 cases). Of total examination, 46.8% was follicle measure to determine breeding time, and mating rate per cases examined was 39.9%. There was no correlation between reproductive results and size of follicles or endometrial edema or degrees of teasing alone. 143 cases were ovulated among 179 cases which were performed ovulation examination, and ovulation rate and fertilization rate per mating times were 79.9% and 39.0%, respectively. The use of hCG(human chorionic gonadotropin), to facilitate ovulation, presented to increase occurrence of double ovulations and twin fertilizations In conclusion, though more examination to estimate the optimal breeding time and higher mating rate was performed, fertilization rate per mating times was lower and then reproductive efficiency also became decreased. Therefore, it seemed that accurate examination of reproductive tracks, appropriate teasing programme and hCG administration before ovulation were of help to improve ovulation rate and fertilization rate.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2014

Feline ovulation time after LH surge have not been defined because its LH surge is occurred by several times of coital vaginal induction and cat has relatively longer time between LH surge and ovulation compared with other mammalian species. This study was performed to investigate the feline ovulation time after LH surge that was induced by hCG injection for superovulation with PMSG. For superovulation, all cats were received an initial injection of PMSG (200 IU, i.m.) followed 80 hrs later with an injection of hCG (200 IU, i.m.). And then, sampling of both ovaries was surgically performed at each 6 different times (10, 18, 22, 26, 29, and 32 hrs) after hCG injection. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were collected from 2 sides of oviducts and ovaries were fixed for ovarian histology. Total 38 COCs were collected only at hCG 32 hrs and no COCs were shown at earlier 5 times. However, in the ovarian histology, corpus haemorrhagicum or corpus luteum was not shown in all groups including ovary at hCG 32 hrs that COCs were collected. In conclusion, it was suggested that feline ovulation was occurred at 29~32 hrs after LH surge and taken relatively long time for CL formation after ovulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.774-780
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to test the efficacy of induction of estrus and determine the timing of ovulation in relation to preovulatory LH and estrogen surges in cycling Murrah buffaloes subjected to Heatsynch protocol (GnRH-$PGF_2{\alpha}$-Estradiol benzoate). In experiment 1, the buffaloes (n = 10) were treated with Heatsynch protocol and observed for estrus and ovulation. In experiment 2 and 3, 30 cycling Murrah buffaloes were used to investigate the efficacy of Heatsynch protocol in terms of conception rates in summer (experiment 2) and winter (experiment 3) seasons. Fixed time A.I. was performed in all the buffaloes at 48 and 60 h post-estradiol benzoate (EB) injection. All buffaloes responded to the Heatsynch protocol with expression of estrus for which ovulations were induced in 8 buffaloes (80%). Mean time interval from the EB injection to ovulation was 50.0${\pm}$2.0 h (range 44.0 to 60.0 h). The interval from the end of LH surge to ovulation was 18.5${\pm}$2.47 h (range 8 to 26 h). The interval from end of estrogen surge to ovulation was 26.75 ${\pm}$2.07 h (range 22 to 36 h). Mean LH peak after EB injection occurred at 20.81${\pm}$1.61 h (range 14 to 28 h) and mean estrogen peak after EB injection occurred at 9.62${\pm}$1.03 h (range 7 to 16 h). Hence, the mean estrogen peak preceded the mean LH peak by 11 h. It was observed that the percentage of conceptions to total number of estruses for control buffaloes was 18 and 30 in summer and winter, respectively, whereas it increased to 26 and 40 in Heatsynch treated buffaloes in respective seasons. The results suggest the possibility of using Heatsynch treatment followed by fixed time A.I. in buffaloes for fertility improvement, especially since the incidence of silent heat in buffaloes is very high.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.114-122
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• 1996

The aim of this study was to assess the precision of the estimates of the time of estrous cycle, optimal breeding and ovulation derived by vaginal cytology. The thirteen Korea Jin-do dogs were examined the vaginal cytology, plasma estradiol-17$$\beta $ and progesterone assay during the estrous cycle. Day 0 was the day of the first male acceptance. The main change of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle was the high proportion of anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in estrus, parabasal cell, large intermediate cell and leukocytes in diestrus, and parabasal cell and small intermediate cell in anestrus, respectively. These data indicated that vaginal cytology was reliable method for estimating estrous cycle in Korea Jin-do dogs. In the cell indices during estrus the maximum eosinoghilic index was $92.0{\pm}$2.6 (Mean{\pm} SEM$)% at Day 2 and the maximum cornification indez was $96.0{\pm}1.3%$ at Day 2, respectively. The eosinothilic indez and cornification indez of up to 70% were found at Day -1 to Day 5 and Day -6 to Day 8, and up to 80% at Day 1 to Day 4 and Day -4 to Day 6, respectively. From these data it was presumed that eosinophilic index was more reliable index for monitoring optimal breeding time than cornification indexm because eosinophilic index peak period was shorter than cornification indeX peak period and Day 2 was the day of ovulation. Therefore, optimal breeding time was the eosinophilic index peak period, more than 80% of eosinoghilic index. The $estradiol-17{\beta}$ peak, with 3 days delayed when progesterone concentration was $4.5{\pm}0.5 ng/ml$. These data estimated that the ovulation time was the day of eosinophilic index peak, Day 2. breeding time and pvulation time in Korea Jin-do dogs.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2007

본 연구는 젖소의 발정 행동 징후에 따라 배란 시간을 예측하고 결정하기 위하여 발정의 다양한 행동 징후(승가, 승가허용, 외음부 냄새 맡기 및 턱비빔)와 배란 시간과의 관계에 대해 조사하였다 공시된 51두 중 37두에서 배란이 일어났으며, 이 중 28두에서 발정 발현이 나타났다. 발정 행동 징후는 $PGF_2{\alpha}$주사 후 2일째부터 72시간 동안 육안 관찰하였으며 배란 시간(4시간 간격으로 초음파 검사)과의 관계를 각각 조사하였다. 발정 행동별 발정 발현율은 외음부 냄새와 턱비빔은 81%와 78%를 보였으며, 승가는 78% 승가 허용은 56%를 보였다. 발정 행동 징후별 발정 개시와 종료의 배란 시간까지의 간격 분포는 발정 개시 후 배란까지는 배란 전 $7{\sim}37$시간(평균 $25.58{\pm}7.94$ 시간)사이였으며, 발정 종료 후 배란까지는 배란 전 $1{\sim}28$시간(평균 $13.42{\pm}7.14$ 시간) 사이였다. 발정 행동별 발정 개시 후 배란까지의 시간에서 승가 허용($17.33{\pm}5.83$시간)이 승가($23.58{\pm}5.12$ 시간), 외음부 냄새 맡기$(24.25{\pm}6.09$시간), 턱비빔($23.42{\pm}6.04$ 시간)보다 유의적으로(p<0.05) 짧게 나타났다. 또한 발정 행동별 배란 전 발정 개시에서 승가, 승가 허용, 외음부 냄새 맡기 및 턱비빔은 12시간 간격 안에서 $16{\sim}28$시간(88%), $10{\sim}22$시간(81%), $16{\sim}28$시간(79%) 및 $19{\sim}31$시간(79%)사이에서 각각 개시하였다. 외음부 냄새 맡기와 턱비빔 행동은 발정 단계가 아닐 때도 보이는 행동이기 때문에 배란 시간을 예측하기에는 적절하지 않다. 결론적으로, 승가 허용와 승가 행위는 배란 시간을 예측하는데 좋은 지표이지만, 승가 허용은 승가를 허용하는 개체의 수가 제한적이기 때문에 배란 시간을 예측하는데 다소 어려운 실정이다. 따라서 승가 행위로 배란 시간을 예측하는 것이 훌륭한 지표가 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2009

In dogs, correct diagnosis of estrus is important and the exact time of ovulation can be determined by variouse methods. Vaginal cytology has commonly used in conjunction with the physical examination, clinical history, vaginoscopy, and hormonal assays to determine the stage of the reproductive cycle. This study was therefore investigated the effectiveness of direct ovulation detector designed by changes of electrical resistance in vaginal mucus following different estrus cycles with several methods; vaginal cytology, concentration of plasma estrogen and progesterone, and direct examination by laparotomy. A total of 12 bitches was selected for the study and observed estrus signs. The bitches were evaluated clinical sign (vulvar swelling and bleeding), cytological examination (keratocyte and RBC), electrical resistance, plasma estrogen and progesterone concentration for estrus assessment. Accuracy of ovulation detection by vaginal cytology was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those by electrical resistance and plasma progesterone concentration, based on the confirmation by laparotomy. Vaginal smear is not confidential method compared to detection of electrical resistance and plasma progesterone concentration at ovulation. Although the value of electrical resistance was varied at the same points of estrus in individuals, ovulation was occurred at the first day which shown the peak of electrical resistance and mating time was third day after peak. In conclusion, ovulation detector designed by changes of electrical resistance is an effective and economic instrument for predicting estrus and ovulation in bitches.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.410-419
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• 1996

This study was reviewed from 1000 articles related to family planning from 1970 to 1990 and 20 articles associated with natural family planning from 1980 until the present. The purpose of natural family planning(NFP) is to identify the time ovulation of women themselves, to have intercourse with periodic abstinence, and to deliver a healthy child. The ultimate goal of NFP is to promote the family's health. The NFP method is described as periodic abstinence of intercourse to avoid pregnancy by identifying the ovulation time in the menstration cycle. Clinical symptoms and signs of reflection underlying changes in Estrogen and Progesterone are the change of basal body temperature, the change of cervical mucus and cervix, abdominal pain and breast tenderness. The types of NFP are the calender rthythm method, basal body temperature methods, cervical mucus method, symptothermal method, cyclo-thermal method and home based ovulation test kits. Recently the cyclo-thermal method involved. It is calendar rhythm method applied to B.B.T. For the cervical mucus method, when the estrogen level in the blood concentration is increased, the mucus begins to excrete, the amount of moist mucus increases while the mucus is clear, slippery, and smooth. For 3 days, this timing can be considered contraception. Fertility is at a maximum on the day mucus appears, abstinence for 3 days is a type of contraception. Sexual intercourse on a maximum day of mucus maximizes pregnancy potential. But, the contraception depends on the practice of a perfect rule. For basal body temperature methods, at ovulation time, the temperature increases $0.2^{\circ}C-0.5^{\circ}C$. Through the review of literature a high temperature above $0.2^{\circ}C$ for 3 days indicates that the previous 6 day period was ovulation and fertilization. The Symptothermal method is used to determine the prediction of ovulation through the observation of mucus excretion, high temperature, the change of cervical mucus, low abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and breast change. Home based ovulation test kits are cervico-vaginal fluid aspiration, test a digital electric thermometer, body fluid(blood, saliva, urine) test kits, They are on the market. However, research on the contraception method is still in progress. For pregnancy it is still too early to use home based ovulation test kits because of deficit of reliability and simplicity more research on the technology is needed. It is suggested that NFP methods be included in nursing curriculum in order to educate NFP users how to effectively use NFP methods. Furthermore, this study has implications for the dissemination of NFP methods in terms of Korean policies of family planning and the support of community welfare agences.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 각각의 호르몬 처리에 따른 배란유도 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. LHRHa 호르몬을 종어 암컷에 2회 투여 시 50과 100 ${\mu}g/kg$ 농도에서 100%의 배란율을 보여 가장 높았으며, LHRHa를 1차 처리한 후, 인간 태반성 성선자극호르몬인 HCG를 2차 처리하였을 때, 500 IU에서는 배란이 이루어지지 않았으며, 2,000 IU를 주사한 암컷에서 72%의 높은 배란율을 보였다. HCG만 처리했을 시 500~25,000 IU까지 각각 10, 17, 50, 50 및 50%의 배란율을 보였다. Ovaprim 처리에 따른 배란율은 2.5 mL/kg을 주사한 실험구에서 50%의 배란율을 보여 가장 높았다. LHRHa와 pimozide를 혼합하여 처리하였을 때 LHRHa의 농도가 10, 200 및 300일 때 87%의 가장 높은 배란율을 보였다. LHRHa 호르몬을 종어 암컷에 2회 투여 시 모든 농도에서 배란시간은 28~44시간까지 소요되었으며, LHRHa를 1차 처리한 후, 인간 태반성 성선자극호르몬인 HCG를 2차 처리하였을 때, 배란시간은 4,000 IU를 주사한 암컷에서 28~34시간으로 가장 짧았다. HCG를 처리하였을 때, 25,000 IU를 주사한 암컷에서 66~72시간이 소요되었고, LHRHa와 HCG를 2차 처리한 실험구에 비해 배란시간이 길었다. Ovaprim을 처리한 실험구에서는 2.5 mL/kg을 투여 시 66~72시간으로 배란시간이 가장 짧았으며, LHRHa와 pimozide (1,000 ${\mu}g/kg$)를 혼합처리시, 300 ${\mu}g/kg$과 400 ${\mu}g/kg$에서 각각 62~70시간과 66~70시간으로 소요시간이 가장 짧았으며, 50 ${\mu}g/kg$에서 80~86시간으로 소요시간이 가장 길었다. LHRHa 호르몬을 종어 암컷에 2회 투여 시 50 ${\mu}g/kg$의 농도에서 수정률 68.4%와 부화율 58.4%로 100, 150 및 200 ${\mu}g/kg$ 농도의 수정률과 부화율보다 높았다. LHRHa 50 ${\mu}g/kg$을 주사하고, 24시간 후, HCG 처리했을 때, 수정률과 부화율도 각각 35.2와 24.2%로 가장 높았으며, HCG의 처리 후, 수정률과 부화율은 15,000 IU에서 55.2와 46.6%로 가장 높았다. Ovaprim 0.5 mL/kg의 농도를 주사한 실험구에서 2.5 mL/kg을 주사한 실험구에서 56.8과 30.8%의 수정률과 부화율을 보였으며, LHRHa와 pimozide를 혼합하여 처리하였을 때 50 ${\mu}g/kg$의 농도에서 수정률과 부화율이 각각 38.6 및 25.3%로 가장 낮았고 200 ${\mu}g/kg$의 농도에서 62.4와 70.3%로 가장 높았다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.197-204
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• 1999

Successful produciton of seedlings for marine fish species are highly influenced by the aquisiton of sufficient number of good-quality eggs on required time. human chorionic gonadotropin has been used to induce successful ovulation for the purpose. Rabbitfish, siganus canaliculatus, is inhabited along the coast of Cheju Province and treated valuably for raw fish and fish roasted with seasoning. Female wild-captured rabbitfish (314 to 279 g in body weigth) were injected into intraperitoneal space with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) of 5,00,1,000, and 1,500 IU/kg body weight during spawning season of July 14 (trial 1), and July 27 (trial 2). Test fish in trial 1 were injected two times, first on July 14 and second on July 21 with one weekinterval because of no ovulation symptoms, but just one time in trial 2. All females injected both 1,000 and 1,500 IU/kg body weight ovulated in all trials. Among 500 IU/kg injection treatments, just one female ovulated in trial 1 showing 25% of ovulation rate, but none ovulated in trial 2. Ovulation was not occurred in control goups during test period. Time to reach ovulation after injection was 172 to 270 hours in trial 1 and 77 to 132 hours in trial 2, showing shorter as spawning season approached. Generally, ovulation of smaller females were late than that of larger ones. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and pseudo-gonadosomatic index (Pseudo-GSI) were ranged 22 to 33% and 19 to 28%, respectively. One female spawned 406,200 to 1,032,000 eggs, and obtainable eggs per 100g of body weight were calculated by 130,000 to 190,000. Spawning rates were comparatively high by 96.0 to 98.4%. Rates to reach embryo-formation and hatching were higher in 500 high by 96.0 to 98.4%. Rates to reach embryo-formation and hatching were higher in 500 and 1,000 IU/kg treatments than in 1,500 IU/kg treatment. The result of present study demontrates that HCG treatment during spawning season could become very useful for ovulation of rabbitfish and the suitable dosage was suggested as 1,000 IU/kg of body weight.