• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 2th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.160-168
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• 2007

Conflicts of interest and independent agenda of the parties brought together for implementation of a construction project often leads to dispute in Contract and claim situations. Construction Industry is notorious for claim that is managed on its arising and there lacks an endeavor to minimize the breeding grounds through efficient planning and alignment to purpose, of all contract-documents. There failure of a concerted effort entails wastage of resources, delayed completion of facilities and stained relationships of parties when collide in mistrust in contract to win over the other. There needs a focus on the claim breeding issue and establish an effective mechanism to deal with disputes in urgency. Claim occurs mostly during the construction phase. But the seeds of claim and nutrients essential for development are contained in the contract documentation and the information supplied or not in pre-contract phase. Opportunity to prevent nutrients for seed of Claim comes to an end once tender-documents are finalized, the contract is awarded and established or not a mechanism for dealing with claim situation. The processes presented here would help in minimizing the breeding grounds and emergence of disputes during progression of works and dealing with eventualities in forceful manners for finding a resolution most effectively in relevant time.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.194-206
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• 2003

A pilot study was performed to examine the feasibility of the pond system for further polishing of treatment wetland effluent to agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. The constructed wetland and pond system was installed in Konkuk University and the effluent from septic tank of school building was used as an influent to the wetland system. The effluent of the wetland was used as an influent to pond systems. The influent concentrations of total coliform(TC), fecal coliform (FC), and E. coli were about $10^5$MPN/100 ml, and they were reduced to less than 10,000 MPN/100 ml on average after wetland treatments, showing over 95 % removal. And they were further reduced to less than 1,000 MPN/100 ml in average, showing over 85∼93 % removal after pond treatment. Turbidity and SS were improved effectively on average and their pond effluent concentration was about 4.5 NTU and 9.8 mg/L in average, respectively Average $BOD^5$ concentrations were also reduced substantially to 9.3 mg/L with about 83 % removal rate after wetland and pond treatment systems. Nutrients removal was relatively low and removal rate for T-N and T-P was less than 43 and 44%, respectively after wetland and pond treatment. Considering stable performance and effective removal of bacterial indicators as well as other water quality parameters, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, pond system was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. This paper describes a preliminary result Iron pilot study and further investigations are recommended on the optimum design parameters before full scale application.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2005

A combination of the submerged membrane activated-sludge bioreactor(SMABR) equipped with non-woven fabric filter and oyster-zeolite (OZ) packed-bed adsorption column was studied to evaluate the advanced tertiary treatment of nitrogen and phosphorous. The non-woven filter module was submerged in the MBR and aeration was operated intermittently for an optimal wastewater treatment performance. Artificial wastewater with $COD_{Cr}$ of 220 mg/L, total nitrogen (T-N) of 45 mg/L, and total phosphorous (T-P) of 6 mg/L was used in this study. MLSS was maintained about $4,000\;{\sim}\;5,000\;mg/L$ throughout the experiments. The experiments were performed for 100-day with periodic non-woven filter washing. The results showed that $COD_{Cr}$ could be effectively removed in SMABR alone with over 94% removal efficiency. However, T-N and T-P removal efficiency was slightly lower than expected with SMABR alone. The permeate from SMABR was then passed through the OZ column for tertiary nutrients removal. The final effluent analysis confirmed that nutrients could be additionally removed resulting in over 87% and 46% removal efficiencies for T-N and T-P, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the waste oyster-shell can be effectively reclaimed as an adsorbent in advanced tertiary wastewater treatment processes in combination with SMABR equipped with non-woven fabric filter.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1975

The purpose of this survey was to study the nutritional status for over 40 years old, related to the dietary pattern of fishing area. The nutrition survey was conducted in a fishing area located in Chilpo-dong, Euchang-myon, Youngil-gun, Kyungbuk province. The precise weighing method was used in evaluating the foods intake for 40 households during a 7 days period. Physical examination, detailed biochemical test on both blood and urine and stool tests were performed by physians on 45 persons over 40 years old man. The result obtained are summarized as follows: (1) Average nutrients intake of an adult per day: calorie intake was 2,883 Cal and its components-Protein (76.3 g) was 10.6%, fat (13.7 g) was 4.2% and carbohydrate (521 g) contributed 85.2% of the total calories. Other nutrients were higher than any other survey data. (2) To evaluate the nutritional deficiencies, clinical examinations were conducted. Hepatomegaly was present 25.3% of these examiners. (3) By stool test most of the examiners were infested in ascareis and infestation rate of stool was 87.5%. (4) The following chemical components of blood serum were analyzed and found to be within the normal range: glucose, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, total cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and electrolytes. (5) Content of electrolytes, glucose, pH, specific gravity in urine were normal range.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.585-594
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• 2017

Purpose: Food intake of COPD patients decreases because of appetite loss, depression, and breathing problems while eating, which increase the likelihood of patients becoming malnourished. This study investigated the nutrient intake and dietary quality of people with and without COPD in Korea. Methods: There were 2,160 adults aged 50 and over who participated in the $5{\sim}6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into the COPD group and non-COPD group according to the rate of forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) against forced vital capacity (FVC). Consumption of food and nutrients were calculated based on the nutrition examination survey. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 19.0. Results: Among individuals in their 50s, intake of vitamin $B_1$ in the COPD group was significantly less than the NCOPD group, while intake of sodium in the COPD group was significantly greater than the NCOPD group. Among individuals in their 60s, the energy intake of the COPD group was significantly less than that of the NCOPD group. The COPD group showed significantly less intake of vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin C, but greater intake of sodium than the NCOPD group. In the group aged 70 and over, The COPD group had significantly less intake of vitamin $B_1$ than the NCOPD group and showed lower nutrient adequacy ratio values in protein, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and iron than the NCOPD group. Conclusion: The COPD group consumed less energy and certain nutrients, and their dietary quality was poor compared to the NCOPD group. Thus, more detailed research is required to understand the concrete relationship between COPD and malnutrition.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.216-225
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• 2018

Over the past 40 years, the public sector has continued to invest in the sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Korea. Currently, the domestic sewage treatment rate is over 90% with the enhancement of operating efficiency of the STPs, and water quality of major rivers has been continuously improved. However, COD and T-N indicators are stagnating or slightly worsening, and though advanced treatment facilities are installed in most of the STPs, there is a limit to the removal of nutrients. Since there are a lot of water pollution sources in the vicinity of the watershed because of high population density in Korea, it is essential to reduce the inflow of the nutrients in order to prevent the eutrophication of the rivers and lakes. While the effluent T-P standard in STPs has greatly strengthened since 2012, which results in the considerable investment for the improvement of treatment process in STPs for the last few years, it is necessary to strengthen the T-N standards, as the effluent standard of T-N has been maintained at 20 mg/L since 2002. In this study, based on the analysis of the effluent T-N standard status of major industrialized countries, and the domestic nitrogen load in public waters, the option of appropriate T-N standard level is reviewed, and the required investment costs and the effect of strengthening the standard are estimated.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.516-526
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the food habits, nutrient intake, and disease distribution in the elderly (aged over 65 years). The correlation of diseases with anthropometric measurements and nutrients was investigated. The correlation of blood parameters with anthropometric measurements and nutrient intake was also studied. The results are as follow: 1) Most elderly men (68.6%) and women (81.6%) had more than three diseases. The food habits of the elderly women were worse than those of the men. Their intake of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin $B_2$ were lower than the RDA for those particular nutrients.2) The incidence of gastritis (51.2%) , fatty liver (46.4%) , and hypertension (45.2%) were the highest among elderly men and women. 3) Anemia was negatively correlated with body weight. Hypercholesterolemia was positively correlated with body fat and negatively correlated with intake of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin $B_2$ . Hypertension was negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. 4) Blood total cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with percent ideal body weight (% IBW) . Blood hemoglobin level was positively correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI) . Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were positively correlated with % IBW and BMI. Blood cholesterol concentration was negatively correlated with the intake of iron, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, and cholesterol, and positively correlated with the consumption of alcohol. Blood hemoglobin level was positively correlated with the intake of total calories, carbohydrates, fat, protein, iron, vitamin $B_2$, phosphorus, cholesterol, salt, and alcohol.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2000

This study was performed to assess the nutritional status of nursing home residents and to assess the effect of nutrition intervention. The subjects were 123 people aged over 60 years from 5 different nursing homes. The nutrition intervention study was carried out by supplementing their diet with multivitamin-minerals for 2 months. The mean intakes of most nutrients did not meet the RDA, Though the nutrient content of the menus provided by the facilities were satisfactory. Nutrients of which intakes fell below 75% of the RDA were protein, Ca, Fe, vitamin A vitamin B$_1$, and vitamin B$_2$. The BMIs of male and female subjects were 22.0kg/$m^2$ and 24.6kg/$m^2$ and the WHRs were 0.92 and 0.90, respectively. The percentage of subjects with hypertention (BP$\geq$140/90mmHg) and with anemia(Hb$\leq$13mg/100$m\ell$ in men, Hb$\leq$12mg/100$m\ell$ in women) were 34.6% and 41.9%, respectively. The serum cncentrations of albumin, total protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and total lipid fell within normal ranges. However, 27.5% of the subjects showed a high serum cholesterol level of over 250mg/100$m\ell$. The concentration of C3 was 81.2mg/100$m\ell$, IgG, 1343mg/100$m\ell$, and IL-2, 0.766mg/$m\ell$. after 2 months of vitamin-mineral supplementation, the levels of blood glucose and total cholesterol were significantly decreased and triglyceride was significantly increased. The vitamin-mineral supplementation had no effect on the mean levels of vitamin A and E, IgG, IL2, and C3. However, the intervention resulted int he improvement of serum vitamin A and E levels when the subject\`s serum levels were low before the supplementation.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.619-628
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• 2018

This study analyze the economic effect of chemical fertilizer. We used the input and output data, and the analysis variables include production output nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium, seeds, and labor. The main results are as follows. First, for spring potatoes, potassium increases to a certain level of output, but over a certain stage, the output decreases as the input increases. Optimal use of potassium in the calculation of spring potatoes can achieve the effect of reducing input costs and increasing output simultaneously. Second, radish In autumn, nitrogen increases to a certain level, but over a certain stage it represents a reverse U-shaped relationship in which output decreases as input increases. This means that reducing the amount of fertilizer input increases the output. This means that soil-related agricultural big data can contribute to the management of nutrients and greenhouse gas reduction in agricultural land.