• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.202-207
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• 2014

Lonicera insularis Nakai (Caprifoliaceae) is Korean endemic plant that lives along the shore of Ulleungdo and Dokdo. The aim of this study is to construct a phylogenetic relationship within six species (L.maackii, L.chrysantha, L.subsessilis, L. harai, L. morrowii) of genus Lonicera L. and Wigela subsessilis as outgroup and intraspecific variation of L. insularis using chloroplast DNA five regions sequences. Sequence analysis revealed that both L. insularis and L. morrowii showed complete homologies in the intergenic regions of trnL-trnF, trnS-trnG, psbM-trnD and matK coding region. However, sequence in the petN-psbM intergenic region showed a single nucleotide difference between both species, thus we designated them as CP01 and CP02. The plants having CP01 are prevalent in the Ulleungdo and Dokdo, while L. insularis and L. morrowii from Ulleungdo and of Dokdo, and Japan have CP02. This confirmed the existence of two cp DNA lineages with different geographical distributions. We can infer the allopatric speciation by geographical barrier. The result will provide the important basal data to study speciation and specie evolution of ocean islands such as Ulleungdo and Dokdo.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.1 s.88
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• pp.39-43
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• 1999

The internal transcribed spacer II regions (ITS II) of the ribosomal DNA gene repeat from Ganoderma spp. were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequences from 9 species including Ganoderma lucidum, G. tsugae, G. pfeifferi, G. resinaceum, G. australe-applanatum, G. oregonense, G. neo-japonicum, G. applanatum and Inonotus xeranticus as an out-group were compared. The spacer regions of them were $247{\sim}257$ nucleotides in length and contained partial sequences of 5.8S and 25S gene. The reciprocal homologies of each ITS II sequence of the species were in the range of $70{\sim}100%$ except outgroup species, I. xeranticus. According to the analysis of ITS II sequences, Ganoderma spp. constructed 5 clusters. Ganoderma lucidum isolates were to be divided into two groups. One group was consisted of isolates from South Korea. The other group comprised isolates from UK. G. lucidum isolates belonging to the group I were closely related with G. tsugae. These results suggested that G. lucidum from Korea should be G. tsugae, otherwise G. tsugae was to be synonym of G. lucidum.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.189-207
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• 2006

Goodyera rosulacea, which is morphologically similar to G. repens, is described recently as a new species based on its distinct morphological characters such as rosette-formed leaves, short rhizome and habitat. To verify the taxonomic identity of G. rosulacea and its taxonomic relationship within Korean Goodyera taxa, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL region of cpDNA from 24 accessions including 1 outgroup accession were analyzed. Aligned sequences were analyzed using maximum parsimony and distance method, and the taxonomic identity and the taxonomic relationships among the related taxa were estimated by the existence of private marker gene and the phylogenetic tree of the aligned sequences. Molecular data indicate that G. rosulacea gas several private marker genes and shows monophyly in phylogenetic trees of both ITS and trnL sequences. the pairwise distance between G. rosulacea and the orher taxa of Korean Goodyera was 3.49-6.68% for ITS region and 5.05-9.53% for trnL region, indicating that G. rosulacea could be treated as an independent species. Therefore, our molecular data support the taxonomic of G. rosulacea as a distinct species of Korea. In phylogenetic trees, G. rosulacea formed same clade with G. repens, which has similar morphological characters with G. rosulacea, and showed the lowest pairwise distance with G. repens among Korean Goodyera taxa. These molecular data sugguested that G. rosulacea and G. repens are closely related taxa.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2018

Molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to evaluate the taxonomic relationships of genus Arisaema L. distributed in Korea and the molecular phylogenetic characteristics of three authentic Arisaema species for the herbal medicine Arisaematis Rhizoma (the rhizomes of A. amurense, A. heterophyllum, and A. erubescens). The sequences of three DNA barcodes (rDNA-ITS, matK, and rbcL) were analyzed using 50 samples of nine taxa consisted of eight Korean and one Chinese Arisaema with one outgroup (Dracunculus vulgaris). Both individual and combined phylogenetic analyses of three DNA barcode sequences revealed that the treated nine taxa are independently classified into six distinct clades (Clade I, A. amurense f. amurense and A. amurense f. serratum; Clade II, A. serratum and A. takesimense; Clade III, A. ringens; Clade IV, A. erubescens; Clade V, A. heterophyllum; Clade VI, A. thunbergii subsp. thunbergii and A. thunbergii subsp. geomundoense). These six clades were reasonably divided into three individual sections, Pedatisecta, Sinarisaema, and Tortuosa. Futhermore, the results of comparative DNA barcode sequences analyses provided a significant information for the taxonomic reconsideration of Arisaema L. at the specific and intraspecific level. However, we could not confirm the taxonomic characteristics or identity among the three authentic medicinal species through the molecular phylogenetic analyses of genus Arisaema L. for Arisaematis Rhizoma.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.935-946
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• 2016

This study aims to explore cognitive biases relating the core competences of science and instructional strategy in reducing the level of cognitive biases. The literature review method was used to explore cognitive biases and science education experts discussed the relevance of cognitive biases to science education. Twenty nine cognitive biases were categorized into five groups (limiting rational causal inference, limiting diverse information search, limiting self-regulated learning, limiting self-directed decision making, and category-limited thinking). The cognitive biases in limiting rational causal inference group are teleological thinking, availability heuristic, illusory correlation, and clustering illusion. The cognitive biases in limiting diverse information search group are selective perception, experimenter bias, confirmation bias, mere thought effect, attentional bias, belief bias, pragmatic fallacy, functional fixedness, and framing effect. The cognitive biases in limiting self-regulated learning group are overconfidence bias, better-than-average bias, planning fallacy, fundamental attribution error, Dunning-Kruger effect, hindsight bias, and blind-spot bias. The cognitive biases in limiting self-directed decision-making group are acquiescence effect, bandwagon effect, group-think, appeal to authority bias, and information bias. Lastly, the cognitive biases in category-limited thinking group are psychological essentialism, stereotyping, anthropomorphism, and outgroup homogeneity bias. The instructional strategy to reduce the level of cognitive biases is disused based on the psychological characters of cognitive biases reviewed in this study and related science education methods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2007

Phylogeny of the species mainly from the genus Amynthas in family Megascolecidae was inferred at the molecular level using ITS regions in rDNA. With 26 species of earthworms from 10 genera in 2 families, a stretch comprising the 3'-end of the 18S rRNA, ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS2, and 5' end of 28S rRNA was amplified by applying the primers ITS-1, ITS-2. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences with a help of MP, NJ, and QP yielded 5 groups similarly. Genus Amynthas was separated largely into two groups, Korean and Philippine origins. Species grouped into the 1st were Amynthas jirensis, A. agrestis, A. gucheonensis, A. sopaikensis, A. bubonis, A. multimaculatus, A. koreanus, A. dageletensis, A. heteropodus, A. odaesanensis, Pontoscolex sp., Pheretima sp. 1, and Dendropheretima banahawensis. Amynthas halconensis, A. isarogensis, A. mindrooensis, Pithemera sp. 2, Pithmera sp. 1, and Pleionogaster sp. clustered into one clade forming the 2nd group. Polypheretima sp. 1 and polypheretima. sp. 2 stayed closely together representing a separate monophyletic status, forming the 3rd group, apart from species in other genera. Archipheretima sp. falls into the 4th group. Distinct morphological characteristics from Archipheretima also coinsides with its branching away from others in the previously reported molecular analyses. Similar to Perionyx excavatus that has been selected as an outgroup, Aporrectodea tuberculata also showed a long branch in the phylogram, but it differed from other 24 species included in the analyses. Unlike others, for example, its habitat is very closely related to that of man.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2004

This study was carried out to confirm the phylogenetic relationships in Korean Rhus species. Sequences from internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and rbcL gene of chloroplast DNA were determined. Cotinus coggygria was selected as outgroup because it is closest allied with Rhus in Anacardiaceae. Also, ingroup was limited as six Korean Rhus species. ITS 1 sequences in six species of Rhus and one species of Cotinus ranged from 246 to 253 bp and ITS 2 sequences from 234 to 244 bp. Concerning the G+C content of the studied taxa, ITS 1 sequences ranged from 58.0 to 68.13% and ITS 2 from 59.75 to 68.46%. On the other hand, rbcL sequences were same size in the all species examined by 1,428 bp. G+C contents of rbcL sequences were ranged from 43.56 to 43.77% which means there are nearly no different from interspecies each other. Phylogenetic tree strongly supports the colse relationships between R. succedanea and R. sylvestris. Rhus javanica and Cotinus coggygria were also closely allied with each other in ITS and rbcL trees. Therefore, R. javanica was regarded as most primitive species among the Korean Rhus species. ITS 1 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA was suggested as very useful taxonomical marker for genus Rhus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.263-277
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• 2006

Anemone pendulisepala, recently described as a new species, is distributed in sympatry with A. reflexa, A. amurensis, and A. raddeana at Mt. taebeark and Mt. Baekdu. Anemone pendulisepala was previously proposed to be a hybrid species between A. reflexa and A. amurensis becaue it displavs overlapping features with them in involucre shape, petiole length, sepal apex and xylem shape, To verify the taxonomic status and to examine the hybridity of A. pendulisepala, sequences of ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the psba-trnH, rps16 and trnLF region of cpDNA from 36 accessions of 5 taxa including outgroup were analyzed. In maximum parsimony tree based on ITS sequences, A. pendulisepala had the same sequences of A. reflexa and was clustered with monophyletic A. amurensis, and then A. raddeana. Anemone pendulisepala was distinguished from the other taxa by having four base insertion in rps16 region, two species-specific bases and insertion in trnLF region. In the phylogenetic trees of combined cpDNA, A. pendulisepala showed monophyly with the bootstrap 100%. Anemone pendulisepala exhibited no polymorphism and shared no sequences with putative parental or related taxa examined in this study. Molecular data suggest that A. pendulisepala should be a distinct species, and no evidence of the hybridization was detectcd.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.405-431
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• 2008

Cuticle micromorphology of 22 species of Quercus and outgroup were examined by the SEM. Twenty-two species selected each two or three species in all section of the genus Quercus. The genus Trigonobalanus and Alnus are selected as outgroups. Ten characters of the inner surface and eight characters of the outer surface of the cuticle have been described. Some characters, such as the present of papillae, arrangement of subsidiary cell, shape of anticlinal cell wall are considered important character for infrageneric classification. A parsimony analysis of 18 characters resulted in 72 most parsimonious trees with its lengths of 66 steps. The topology obtained from the analysis showed two major lineages. Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis formed one clade by 75% and subgenus Quercus formed another clade by 57% bootstrap value. Based on the cuticle morphology, the two subgenus delimitation of Camus was supported. However, sect. Erythrobalanus and sect. Cerris formed one group, and sect. Lepidobalanus formed polytomy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2012

Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to evaluate relationships of 7 taxa of Korean Carpesium including three outgroup (Inula britannica L., Inula germanica L., Rhanteriopsis lannginosa (DC.) Rauschert) by using ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic studies used maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods analysis. The length of the ITS sequences was 731 bp, and the lengths of the ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S regions were 284~297 bp, 264~266 bp and 164 bp, respectively. The total number of variable sites was 111 for the entire sequences, and a parsimony informative sites of 64 are valid. Base change appeared variously in ITS1 rather than in ITS2. As the result, Korean Carpesium were formed monophyletic group and C. abrotanoides situated as the most basal clade. The results show that C. macrocephalum is closely related with C. triste. C. rosulatum has the closest relationship with C. glossophyllum. C. cernuum is close to C. divaricatum. These results suggest that the ITS data used in this study could be useful for the phylogenetic analysis of Korean Carpesium.