• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.490-496
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• 1998

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to survey genetic variability among 34 Botrytis cinerea isolates from nine different host plants in Korea. For RAPD analysis, 115 arbitrary decamer primers were initially screened for polymorphic major DNA bands with 11 representative B. cinerea isolates. Eleven primers that initially detected polymorphisms were tested a second time with additional 23 isolates of B. cinerea as well as one isolate of Botrytis squamosa as an outgroup. The RAPD analyses revealed that all isolates except one showed different molecular phenotypes. Dendrograms obtained from dissimilarity matrices using the unweighted paired group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) showed the 36.4% to 90.0% similarity among all B. cinerea isolates. The B. squamosa isolate showed the least similarity to all B. cinerea isolates. The cluster analyses indicated no correlation among all the characteristics examined including molecular phenotypes, host and geographic origins, year of isolation, or pathogenicity. The RAPD data suggest that a high level of genetic variation exists among Korean populations of B. cinerea and it seems to be caused by heterokaryosis among preexisting molecular phenotypes.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.405-413
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• 2004

The previous morphology-based taxonomic frameworks within the family Syngnathidae had emphasized the significance of the male brood pouch and reproductive biology in defining the group. However, several different hypotheses had been proposed by different investigators. This study has been carried out to determine the phylogenetic relationships among 19 species belonging to the order Syngnathiformes with three Gasterosteiformes species as outgroup taxa by using the mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences. Phylogenetic analyses based on neighbor-joining distance, maximum parsimony, minimum evolution and maximum likelihood method strongly supported that the family Syngnathidae, the suborder Syngnathoidei and the order Syngnathiformes were all monophyletic group. Although much of previous morphological analyses were supported by our molecular data, there were some significant discrepancies between molecular and morphological work. Such an interesting result was that the weedy seadragon (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) strongly grouped together with the New Zealand pot-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis). Considering the markedly different brooding structure between them, this unexpected result might be explained whether by multiple independent origins of brooding structure or by hybridization between the female Hippocampus and other syngnathid species having individual membranous egg compartment. In addition, the suborder Aulostomoidei was paraphyletic group because the shrimpfish (Aeliscus strigatus), belonging to the family Centriscidae, always grouped together with the family Syngnathidae as a sister taxon.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2008

Rates of molecular evolution are known to vary widely among taxonomic groups. A number of studies, examining various taxonomic groups, have indicated that body size is negatively and clutch size is positively correlated with the rates of nucleotide substitutions among vertebrate species. Generally, either smaller body mass or larger clutch size is associated with shorter generation times and higher metabolic rates. However, this generality is subject to ongoing debate, and large-scale comparative studies of species below the Order level are lacking. In this study, phylogenetically independent methods were used to test for relationships between rates of the mitochondrial cytochrome b evolution and a range of life history traits, such as body mass and clutch size in the Order Galliformes. This analysis included data from 67 species of Galliformes birds and 2 outgroup species in Anseriformes. In contrast to previous studies, taxa were limited to within-Order level, not to Class or higher. I found no evidence to support an effect of life history traits on the rate of molecular evolution within the Galliformes. These results suggest that such relationship may be too weak to be observed in comparisons of closely related species or may not be a general pattern that is applicable to all nucleotide sequences or all taxonomic groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.789-793
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• 2008

The gayal (Bos frontalis) in China is a very rare semi-wild and semi-domestic bovine species. There still exist remarkable divergences on the gayal's origin and taxonomic status. In the present study, the cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene entire sequences (1,140 bp) of 11 gayals in Yunnan China were analyzed. Combined with other bovine Cyt b sequences cited in GenBank, the phylogenetic trees of genus Bos were reconstructed by neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods with Bubalus bubalis as outgroup. Sequence analysis showed that, among 1,140 sites compared for 11 gayals, 95 variable sites (8.33% of all sites) and 6 different haplotypes were observed, showing abundant mitochondrial genetic diversity in gayals. Both NJ and MP trees demonstrated that gayals in this study were markedly divided into three embranchments: one embranchment clustering with Bos gaurus, another clustering with Bos taurus, and the third clustering with Bos indicus. The result of phylogenetic analysis suggested that the gayal might be the domesticated form of the gaur, and a great proportion of the gayal bloodline in China was invaded by other bovine species.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2015

Surveys of easily accessible or moderately remote South Korean mountains has revealed several common exotic and early species-complexes [Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) with A. diffringens (Baird, 1869), A. gracilis (Kinberg, 1867) and Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867)], plus an unexpected number of new native taxa. Megascolecid Metaphire muuido sp. nov. and lumbricid Eisenia muuido sp. nov. are newly described from Muuido Island, Incheon. Montane taxa are parthenogenetic Amynthas tokioensis oculo sub-sp. nov. that lacks male pores but is yet comparable to both Amynthas tokioensis (Beddard, 1892) and Metaphire soulensis (Kobayashi, 1938) with its possible new synonym A. chiakensis Hong & James, 2013. Apparently unique sympatric taxa are Amynthas bangtaesan bangtaesan and A. b. confinius sup-spp. nov., Amynthas centurio sp. nov., Amynthas punicans sp. nov., Amynthas seoraksan and A. seoraksan iti sub-spp. nov. These are newly described and their DNA COI gene barcodes, where obtainable, are presented in a phylogram with outgroup Acanthodrilidae Microscolex dubius (Fletcher, 1887) from Lake Biwa Japan being a new exotic record for Asia.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 2006

The phylogeny of the subfamily Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) was reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences using 53 species representing 11 currently recognized tribes of the Tephritinae and 10 outgroup species. The minimum evolution and Bayesian trees suggested the following phylogenetic relationships: (1) monophyly of the Tephritinae was strongly supported; (2) a sister group relationship between the Tephritinae and Plioreocepta was supported by the Bayesian tree; (3) the tribes Tephrellini, Myopitini, and Terelliini (excluding Neaspilota) were supported as monophyletic groups; (4) the non-monophyletic nature of the tribes Dithrycini, Eutretini, Noeetini, Tephritini, Cecidocharini, and Xyphosiini; and (5) recognition of 10 putative tribal groups, most of which were supported strongly by the statistical tests of the interior branches. Our results, therefore, convincingly suggest that an extensive rearrangement of the tribal classification of the Tephritinae is necessary. Since our sampling of taxa heavily relied on the current accepted classification, some lineages identified by the present study were severely under-sampled and other possible major lineages of the Tephritinae were probably not even represented in our dataset. We believe that our results provide baseline information for a more rigorous sampling of additional taxa representing all possible major lineages of the subfamily, which is essential for a comprehensive revision of the tephritine tribal classification.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.413-426
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• 2020

The Euphorbiaceae family features some of the most economically important plants that are sources of foods, oils, waxes, and medicines. The accurate identification of Euphorbiaceae species is critical in sustainable utilization of plant resources. We examined 234 sequences of nrDNA ITS, cpDNA rbcL and matK loci from 20 species in Euphorbiaceae in Korea and three outgroup taxa to develop efficient DNA barcodes. The three barcode loci were successfully amplified and sequenced for all Euphorbiaceae species. nrDNA ITS locus showed the highest mean interspecific K2P distance (0.3034), followed by cpDNA matK (0.0830), and rbcL (0.0352) locus. The degree of species resolution for individual barcode loci ranged from 75% (rbcL and matK) to 80% (ITS). The degree of species resolution was not enhanced with the different combinations of three barcode loci. The combined data set of the three loci(ITS+rbcL+matK) provided 80% of species resolution. These results confirm that ITS locus, as a single barcode, is the best option for barcoding of the Euphorbiaceae in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.153-162
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• 2018

Lespedeza maximowiczii C. K. Schneid. (Fabaceae) is a deciduous shrub which is known to be distributed in the temperate forests of China, Korea and on Tsushima Island of Japan. Due to severe morphological variations within species, numerous examinations have been conducted for Korean L. maximowiczii. However, the morphology of Chinese plants has not been studied as thoroughly, despite doubts about their taxonomy. To clarify this taxonomic issue, we investigated morphological characters and undertook a Bayesian clustering analysis with microsatellite markers. The morphological and genetic traits of Chinese individuals varied considerably from those of typical L. maximowiczii growing in Korea. For example, petals of the former had a different shape and bore long claws, while the calyx lobes were diverged above the middle and the upper surface of the leaflet was pubescent. Their terete buds and spirally arranged bud scales were distinct from those within the series/section Heterolespedeza, which includes L. maximowiczii. Our Bayesian clustering analysis additionally included L. buergeri as an outgroup. Those results indicated that the Chinese samples clustered into a lineage separated from L. maximowiczii (optimum cluster, K = 2), despite the fact that the latter is grouped into the same lineage with L. buergeri. Therefore, we treat those Chinese plants as a new species with the name L. pseudomaximowiczii.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.239-252
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• 2022

Afrolaophonte koreana sp. nov. is described from the intertidal zone of two sandy beaches on the south coast of Korea. This is the first record of the genus Afrolaophonte Chappuis, 1960 in the Northern Pacific. The new species is most similar to A. aequatorialis Cottarelli and Mura, 1981, described from the Maldives and subsequently also found in Papua New Guinea, but could be distinguished by numerous characters, including the segmentation of the third leg endopod in male, armature formula of the second leg in both sexes, length of caudal rami in both sexes, and length of some setae on the fourth leg in female. Afrolaophonte ensiger Wells and Rao, 1987 from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is established as a junior subjective synonym of A. aequatorialis. To test previous phylogenetic hypotheses based on intuitive methods, a parsimony based cladistic analysis of 13 valid congeners is performed using 15 morphological characters and one outgroup. Only one of three previously proposed species-groups is supported with a synapomorphy, while one was clearly based on symplesiomorphies. Our current knowledge of morphology in this genus is not sufficient for postulating interspecific phylogenies, which also renders previous zoogeographical hypotheses untestable.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.175-186
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• 2005

Cladistic analysis was performed to reveal the interspecific relationship of nine taxa of Korean Diplazium (Woodsiaceae). A total of 29 taxa with 20 taxa of eastern asiatic species as ingroup and three taxa of Athyrium as outgroup, were analyzed with 17 morphological characters. Diplazium nipponicum, recently found from Jeju Island, was most closely related to D. chinense by having the acuminate apex of pinnule segment and fascicled fronds. Diplazium nipponicum was distinguished from D. chinense by having scales and pinnule segments of serrated margin, and non-overlapped pinnules. Diplazium nipponicum and D. chinense were closely related to D. mesosorum and D. hajizoense in sequence, by having long acute apex in pinnae. These species formed same clade with D. subtripinnatum, which is endemic to Japan and D. kawakamii, which is distributed in Japan and Taiwan.