• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.205-215
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of postmenopausal osteoporotic women to those of control subjects, and to investigate the relationship among diet quality and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. In this study, we classified the subjects into the postmenopausal osteoporotic women (n =38) and control (n = 43) according to their lumbar spine bone mineral density and age. Dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and dietary quality indices were measured and evaluated. The average age of osteoporotic and control group were 60.4 yrs and 58.3 yrs, respectively and there was no significant difference. Body weight, body mass index of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of control group. The average energy intake of osteoporotic and control group were 1243.3 kcal and 1475.8 kcal, respectively and there was a significant difference. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower quantities of protein, plant protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, folate, vitamin C, calcium, animal calcium, plant calcium, iron and zinc compared to the control group. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower of food, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits intakes compared to the control group. In the diet quality, protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, Zinc nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than that of control group. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of osteoporotic and control group were 0.63 and 0.78, respectively and there was significant difference. To evaluate nutrient density, Index of nutritional quality (INQ) was calculated by dividing nutrient content per 1,000 kcal of diet with RDA per 1,000 kcal. The average dietary variety score (DVS) of osteoporotic and control group were 22.4 and 33.2, respectively and there was significant difference. DVSs of pulses (p<0.01), seeds (p<0.01) and vegetables (p<0.05) in osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the control. In conclusion, postmenopausal osteoporotic women had lower protein, vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron zinc intake quality and vegetables, mushrooms, fruits DVSs than those of the control. Therefore, to promote skeletal health enough energy and food should be consumed, and the maintenance of vitamin and mineral balance by increasing of vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron of intakes are very important.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.927-937
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean premenopausal women. Seventy-eight premenopausal women who visited the Health Promotion Center for health examinations volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into two groups according to their bone status as shown by their T-scores: a non-osteoporotic group and a osteoporotic group. The results are as follows: The mean BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were 1.21$\pm$0.02$g/cm^2$ and 0.97$\pm$0.04$g/cm^2$, respectively. The BMD levels of the osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). The heights of the women in the osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.01) however, their body weights did not show any significant differences although they tended to be lower. The mean daily intake of energy was 1720$\pm$52㎉. When the nutrient intake was compared with the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDA), calcium, Fe, vitamin A and riboflavin intakes were lower than the RDA. Their was no significant difference in the nutrient intake of the non-osteoporotic group and osteoporotic group except for the intakes of protein, fat and niacin. Their was no significant difference between the non-osteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group and all were within the normal range. However, the serum alkaline phosphatase level of the osteoporotic group was significantly higher than that of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.001). Height measurements showed positive correlations with lumbar spine bone mineral density (LBMD, r=0.332, p<0.01) however there was no correlation with femoral neck bone mineral density (NBMD). Age, age at menarche, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and obesity showed no correlation with BMD. The BMD of the lumbar spine was significantly and positively related to the intake of niacin and vitamin C (r=0.236, p<0.05; r=0.274, p<0.05). Serum levels of calcium and phosphorus showed negative correlations with LBMD (r=-0.698, p=0.0001, r=-0.503, p=0.0001, respectively). The results suggested that the BMD of the lumbar spine was positively related to the intake of niacin and vitamin C in premenopausal women. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone loss would be have a higher intake of niacin and vitamin C rich foods and engaging habitually in physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD in the Premenopausal Period.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.101-106
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• 2011

Purpose : This study evaluated the potential use of the computed tomography indices (CTI) on cone beam CT (CBCT) images for an assessment of the bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Materials and Methods : Twenty-one postmenopausal osteoporotic women and 21 postmenopausal healthy women were enrolled as the subjects. The BMD of the lumbar vertebrae and femur were calculated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a DXA scanner. The CBCT images were obtained from the unilateral mental foramen region using a PSR-$9000N^{TM}$ Dental CT system. The axial, sagittal, and coronal images were reconstructed from the block images using $OnDemend3D^{TM}$. The new term "CTI" on CBCT images was proposed. The relationship between the CT measurements and BMDs were assessed and the intra-observer agreement was determined. Results : There were significant differences between the normal and osteoporotic groups in the computed tomography mandibular index superior (CTI(S)), computed tomography mandibular index inferior (CTI(I)), and computed tomography cortical index (CTCI). On the other hand, there was no difference between the groups in the computed tomography mental index (CTMI: inferior cortical width). Conclusion : CTI(S), CTI(I), and CTCI on the CBCT images can be used to assess the osteoporotic women.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.837-846
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• 1999

There were few reports about the fluoride concentration in bone and osteoporotic women. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the urinary fluoride concentration and periodontal condition in osteoporotic old women. Twentyeight postmenopausal women(Test group) and twenty-one premenopausal women(Control group) were examined. Bone mineral density(BMD) of lumbar spine(L2-L4) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The urine samples were collected at early morning and determined with the help of a fluoride-specific electrode and Tisabbufferd samples. The results were as follows. 1. The mean urinary fluoride concentration in test and control group showed statistically no difference. 2. The bone mineral density(BMD) of the spine in test group was significantly lower than control group(p<0.05). 3. The significant negative correlation was found between BMD level and age after menopause $(p<0.001,\;{\gamma}=-0.526$. 4. The urinary fluoride concentration was not correlated with age, age after menopause and bone mineral density. 5. The urinary fluoride concentration was not correlated with periodontal condition.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between osteoporotic postmenopausal women and its bone mineral density value by using the single energy quantitative CT. 1. Decreasing BMD with age is evident. There is a significant low BMD value in the osteoporotic women compared with the healthy subgroup. 2. BMD decrease from T12 to L4, except in healthy premenopausal women. 3. Relationship of spinal BMD expressed as average BMD of T12 through L4 Show strong correlation with mean BMD in all vertebral levels. 4. There are significantly different BMD value from T12 through L4 in subgroup 1, 2, 3 but there is no statistically significant difference between subgroup 2 and 3. Conclusion, There is a significant decreasing BMD with age but it is difficult to differentiate postmenopausal relatively healthy women from osteoporotic women by BMD.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.228-240
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in older Korean women. A total of 340 women aged 65 to 74 were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. They were categorized into two groups according to bone status by T-score : a nonosteoporotic group and an osteoporotic group. Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment (MNA). The results are as follows: The mean age of 185 nonosteoporotic women was 69.6 years and that of 155 osteoporotic women was 70.9 years (p<0.001). The mean T-score of the nonosteoporotic group was $-1.5mg/cm^3$ and that of theosteoporotic group was $-3.2mg/cm^3$ (p<0.001). Height and body weight in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in BMI, although the BMI in the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher. Waist and hip circumferences in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.01, respectively), and the mid upper arm and calf circumferences were also significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). The 5 m walking ability was significantly superior compared to the osteoporotic group. Serum levels did not show any significant differences between the groups and were within normal range. The serum total protein, albumin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) levels of the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). IGF was 104.7 ng/mL for the nonosteoporotic group and 88.1 ng/mL for the osteoporotic group. Physical activity and appetite in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The favorite food groups of the nonosteoporotic group comprised more meats and fish than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, respectively). Nutrient intake was not significantly different, with the exception of niacin intake (p<0.05), but the nutrient intake of the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher than that of the osteoporotic group. The niacin intake of the nonosteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group were 11.4 mgNE and 10.0 mgNE, corresponding to 103.6% and 90.9% of the Korean EAR, respectively. The MNA score of the nonosteoporotic group was significantly more favorable than for the osteoporotic group. In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight and muscle mass. Habitual physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD for older women. Dietary factors, such as meat and fish, higher intake of niacin rich foods and nutrient status for older women also appear to have favorable effects on bone mineral density.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.399-402
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• 2010

Osteoporosis is a worldwide problem and it mainly affects postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis associated with pregnancy or lactation is a rare condition. The incidence and mechanism of this phenomenon has not been clarified, but it can cause one or more vertebral compression fractures with severe, prolonged back pain in the affected women. We experienced this uncommon case, treated it with percutaneous vertebroplasty. A 35-old-woman visited our hospital with complaints of severe back pain and flank pain 2 months after normal vaginal delivery. She was diagnosed with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures on the T5, 8, 9 and 11 vertebral bodies and we performed percutaneous vertebroplasty on the T8, 9 and 11 vertebrae with a good result. We present here an unusual case of pregnancy-associated compression fractures treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal condition in postmenopausal women. Twenty-eight patients who have been treated at Chonnam national university hospital with osteoporosis(osteoporotic group, mean $age62.2{\pm}6.6$) and 21 normal postmenopausal women with periodontitis(control group, mean $age60.4{\pm}3.7$) were examined. Bone mineral density(BMD) of lumbar spine(L2-L4) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiomemtry(DEXA). Percentage to peaked bone mass in osteoporotic group was 70.9% which had lower BMD than in control group(p<0.05). The number of present teeth were 23.6 in osteoporotic group and 23.1 in control group. Percentage of bleeding on probing was 41% in osteoporotic group and 37% in control group. probing depth and attachment level were shown 3.18 mm, 3.63 mm in osteoporotic group and 2.85mm, 3.11mm in control group, respectively. Probing depth and attachment level were significantly greater in osteoporotic group than in control group(p<0.05). The significant negative correlation was found between BMD level and periodontal attachment level(p<0.001, ${\gamma}=-0.56$). These results suggest that osteoporosis may be associated with periodontal breakdown.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2004

Purpose : This study was conducted to compare the radiomorphometric indices of the mandible on panoramic radiographs among three groups of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis and to determine whether panoramic indices have validity in predicting osteoporotic risk. Materials and Methods: Ninty-four postmenupausal women aged 42-72 years (mean 62±7.5) were examined using dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry (DEXA) of the lumbar and classified into three groups by WHO classification. Panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical thickness (Mental index (MI), Antegonial index (AI), Gonial index (G!)) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI) were measured bilaterally on panoramic radiographs and analyzed. Results: There were signigicant differences among normal, osteopenic and osteoporoti groups in PMI (I), PMI (S), MI, AI, GI and MCI. The sensitivities of the MCI (93%) and the combination index of MCI and MI (90%) in diagnosing osteopenic/osteoporotic cases were high. Conclusion: The widths and shapes of the mandibular cortical bone on panoramic radiography may highly reflect the systemic osteopenic/osteoporotic conditions of the patients.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

Osteoporosis, a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and fracture risk, is a major public health problem. The diagnostic methods for osteoporosis include simple radiography, bone scan, DXA (Dual energy X-ray Absortiometry) and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Optimal treatment and prevention of osteoporosis require modification of risk factors, particularly smoking cessation, adequate physical activity, and attention to diet, in addition to pharmacologic intervention. The estrogens and raloxifene both prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women, and the estrogens probably also decrease the risk of first fracture. There is good evidence that raloxifene prevents further fractures in postmenopausal women who already have had fractures and some evidence that estrogen does as well. Bisphosphonate prevents bone loss and reduces fractures in healthy and osteoporotic postmenopausal women and in osteoporotic men as well. Risedronate is more potent and has fewer side effects than alendronate and reduces the incidence of fractures in osteoporotic women. Calcitonin increases bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women and men with idiopathic osteoporosis, and also reduces the risk of new fractures in osteoporotic women. All of the agents discussed above prevent bone resorption, whereas teriparatide and strontium increase bone formation and are effective in the treatment of osteoporotic women and men. New avenues for targeting osteoporosis will emerge as our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of bone remodeling increases, although issues of tissue specificity may remain to be addressed.