• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.38-48
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• 2020

The aroma pattern was analyzed using electronic nose to examine the possibility of origin discrimination according to the mixing ratio of Chinese and Korean red ginseng concentrates. The origin of Chinese red ginseng concentrate and Korea red ginseng concentrate could be distinguished and the pattern of aroma component detected decreased as the mixing ratio of Chinese red ginseng concentrate increased. Cultivar and habitat of Korean red ginseng concentrated was remarkably distinguished by the chromatogram of frequency pattern, derivative pattern and visual pattern using olfactory images known as vapor print^TM.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.549-555
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• 2014

The geographical origin of commercial red ginseng concentrate was studied using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The ginsenoside content of domestic and Chinese red ginseng concentrates was determined. Four types of suspected origin samples could be selected this technique. The LC-MS/MS data were statistically analyzed on the basis of canonical function analysis and principal component analysis. Domestic and Chinese samples could be discriminated via canonical function analysis using posterior probability. In addition, the mixture ratio (Korean or Chinese origin) of the unknown origin specimen could be predicted based on the relationship between the mixing concentration of red ginseng concentrates and principal component 1.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.307-315
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• 2017

Background: Red-skin root disease has seriously decreased the quality and production of Panax ginseng (ginseng). Methods: To explore the disease's origin, comparative analysis was performed in different parts of the plant, particularly the epidermis, cortex, and/or fibrous roots of 5-yr-old healthy and diseased red-skin ginseng. The inorganic element composition, phenolic compound concentration, reactive oxidation system, antioxidant concentrations such as ascorbate and glutathione, activities of enzymes related to phenolic metabolism and oxidation, and antioxidative system particularly the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were examined using conventional methods. Results: Aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), magnesium, and phosphorus were increased, whereas manganese was unchanged and calcium was decreased in the epidermis and fibrous root of red-skin ginseng, which also contained higher levels of phenolic compounds, higher activities of the phenolic compound-synthesizing enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the phenolic compound oxidation-related enzymes guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. As the substrate of guaiacol peroxidase, higher levels of $H_2O_2$ and correspondingly higher activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were found in red-skin ginseng. Increased levels of ascorbate and glutathione; increased activities of $\text\tiny L$-galactose 1-dehydrogenase, ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, and glutathione reductase; and lower activities of dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were found in red-skin ginseng. Glutathione-S-transferase activity remained constant. Conclusion: Hence, higher element accumulation, particularly Al and Fe, activated multiple enzymes related to accumulation of phenolic compounds and their oxidation. This might contribute to red-skin symptoms in ginseng. It is proposed that antioxidant and antioxidative enzymes, especially those involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycles, are activated to protect against phenolic compound oxidation.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.42-51
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• 2012

Objectives: This study used the basic principle of Oriental medicine, the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle (君臣佐使論) to investigate the effects of the component of ONGABO, which is composed of Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng), Angelica Gigantis Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae tuber on the viability of HepG2 cells. Methods: Single and mixed extracts of the component of ONGABO were prepared by lypohilizing powder of Red Ginseng (6-year root from Kanghwa), Angelica Gigantis Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Cuscuta Semen, Curcumae Tuber (from Omniherb Co., Ltd., Korea) at the laboratory of herbal medicine in Woosuk University and were eluted after being macerated with 100% ethanol for three days. The cell viability of HepG2 was determined by using an absorptiometric analysis with PrestoBlue (Invitrogen) reagent after the plate had been incubated for 48 hours. All of the experiments were repeated three times to obtain the average value and standard deviation. The statistical analysis was done and the correlation factor was obtained by using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Origin 6.0 software. Results: Although Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng) and Schisandrae Fructus did not enhance the viability of HepG2 cells, they were shown to provide protection of those cells. On the other hand, Angelica Gigantis Radix decreased the viability of HepG2 cells significantly, Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae Tuber had a small or no effect on the viability of HepG2 cells. Conclusions: In the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle (君臣佐使論), Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng) corresponds to the sovereign component because it provides cell protection effects, Angelica Gigantis Radix corresponds to minister medicinal because it kills cells, Schisandrae Fructus corresponds to the assistant medicinal to help red ginseng having cell protect effects. Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae Tuber correspond to the courier medicinal having no effect in cell viability in HepG2. We hope this study provides motivation for advanced research on the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.43-56
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• 2019

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been known as one of the representative special and healthful products originating from Korea for 4500 to 5000 years. The word of ginseng was first mentioned in JiJuZhang(急就章), written by ShiYou during the reign of King Yuah Di of the Chien Han Dynasty, China (33-48 BC). It has been known that wild Korean ginseng grows in Korean peninsula including Manchuria and the ginseng is found only between the $33^{rd}$ and $48^{th}$ parellels of north latitude. Since the times of three kingdom in Korea at 4-7 century, which is Kokuryo, Baekje and Shila, Korea has been the chief ginseng producing country. A large quantity of ginseng was exported from Korea to China for medicinal use at that times. That was written in SamGukSaGi(三國史記) by BuSik Kim of Koryeo Dynasty in Korea in 1145. The cultivation of Korean ginseng was also recorded in Bencaogangmu(本草綱目) written by LiShi Zen during the regin of the Ming Dynasty in 1596, China. The ginseng seedling, which was known as an original method invented by imitating the method of rice transplantation, appeared in the SeungJeongWon Ilgi(the diaries of the royal secretariat, 承政院日記), 1687 in the regin of King SukJong in Korea. It was suggesting that ginseng cultivation was firstly established in the early 1600s in Korea. On the other hand, red ginseng(written as 熟參) was reported firstly in GoRyeoDoGyeong(高麗圖經)(a record of personal experience in Korea, written in 1123) by SeoGung in Song Dynasty, China. The names of Pansam(written as 板蔘) and Pasam(written as 把蔘), which were the another types of red ginseng products, were came on in the JoSeon Dynasty Annals in 1552 and 1602, respectively. Although the term of red ginseng(Hongsam in Korean) was firstly appeared in the JoSeon Dynasty Annals in 1797, it is believed to have been developed a little earlier periods from the King Jungjong(1506~1545) to the King SeonJo(1567~1608) in Korea. Then, the Korean red ginseng has begun production on a large scale in SamJeong Department of NaeJangWon(內藏院 蔘政課) in the Korean Empire(大韓帝國) in 1899. More detailed records about red ginseng production method were written in the SohoDanag Miscellany(韶濩堂集) by Taekyoung Kim at 1916 year in Korea. On the while, the efficacy of ginseng was first recorded in Shennongbencaojing(神農本草經) written in China(BC 83-96) and the efficacy has been continuously inherited.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.2
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• pp.39-70
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• 2020

In this paper, through the mutual interpretation and verification of the ancient Korean history books with different origin that have been suspected as false documents, it proves that they could be logically real records and reveal that the substance of the legendary 'medicine for anti-aging and longevity', which also had been mentioned in Chinese old books, is Korean ginseng. Furthermore, with reference to the modern Y chromosomal map of the migratory routes of mankind corresponding to these routes recorded in 「Budoji」, the core history book, the formation of the four ethnic constitution groups (Sasang Constitution) based on the life style of each human group has been estimated. And the cause of Korean ginseng with fever problem for Southeast Asians is their pharmacogenomic constitution problem by protopanaxatriol (PPT) type ginsenosides in ginseng. It was resolved with over production of protopanaxdiol (PPD) type ginsenosides against PPT type in Korean red ginseng as historical or scientific point of view. In addition, by explaining that the processing method to Korean red ginseng could increase red ginseng acidic polysaccharides (RGAP), the RGAP, PPD type ginsenosides, and arginine which is originally abundant in Korean ginseng could increase the expression of the 'heat shock proteins' as a kind of chaperone in the body, this paper presents the theory allowing the scientific interpretation of the efficacy of Korean red ginseng as an 'adaptogen' or 'medicine for anti-aging and longevity'. Lastly, through the consideration of the growing environment of American ginseng and Korean ginseng, the differences are presented.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.73-96
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• 2006

Today, producers of ginseng spray prohibited fertilizers or use excessive amount of fertilizers whereas distributers either claim that they are selling domestic ginseng when in fact they are selling imported ginseng, cheat on the age or weight of ginseng, or mix domestic and imported ginseng. In terms of quality in comparison with foreign ginseng, 90% of the people surveyed responded that domestic ginseng is more efficacious. When asked whether they would purchase foreign ginseng products when they become available in the market, only one of the respondents responded that he or she would purchase foreign ginseng whereas 50 respondents or 81% of the total surveyed responded that they wouldn't purchase foreign ginseng. About half of the respondents answered that when Chinese red ginseng, ginseng, or wild ginseng products cultivated with harmful fertilizers become available in the market, they would either reconsider purchasing ginseng products or stop purchasing ginseng products all together. In order to develop the ginseng industry 20 respondents (25%) chose the establishment of the standards, 33 respondents (42%) chose marking the place of origin, 15 respondents (19%) quality improvement, 7 respondents (9%) research on the efficacy, and 4 respondents (5%) said improvement on the storage methods as the important factors of the ginseng industry. Considering the fact that 77% of the respondents selected either the standardization or marking of the place of origin, the consumers seem to be demanding reliability in the distribution of ginseng products. Therefore, those people who work in the industry such as the producers, distributors and others should have a sense of mission to develop ginseng, which is a gift from God, and do their best to produce and distribute ginseng products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.652-656
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• 2013

The geographical origin of red ginseng extract (RGE) was studied using a mass spectrometry based electronic nose. Imported RGE and domestic RGE were diluted to 12oBx. The treated RGE was analyzed, and discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used for discriminating of geographical origins. The DFA plots indicated a significant separation of imported RGE and domestic RGE. The F-value of discriminant function first score (DF1) was much higher than that of discriminant function second score (DF2), indicating that discrimination was mainly affected by DF1. Based on DF1, the concentration of domestic RGE to imported RGE shifted to the left side of DFA plot, and the mixing ratio highly correlated to DF1 value. Unknown sample (#2) was closely located to the sample of mixed imported : domestic (6:4) RGE. In the bar graph, the DF1 value correlated to the mixing ratio. Unknown samples (#2) were thought to be mixed with the imported RGE. This technique could be used to efficiently differentiate the geographical origin of RGE.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.26-31
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• 2003

Korean Ginseng is a medicinal herb which grows naturally in korea. an ancient country situated in north-eastern Asia. Its medical use was already well known to herb doctors in this region about five thousand years ago since the effectiveness of korean ginseng has been recognized through practical use for a long time. Korean Ginseng has always been regarded as a devine cure. The name "Ginseng" can be found in various medicinal books. many of which were written as early as B.C. 100. In the records of many chinese medical books. dating from the inception of publishing, it was noted that Korean Ginseng was of the highest level of quality. Korean Ginseng originally grew in the mountains of korea. However, this wild Korean Ginseng(js called SANSAM) could not meet the ever-increasing demands. and from the 16th century. it has been cultivated on farms for mass processing and supplying in korea(js called INSAM). It was already recognized in korea a long time ago(B.C. 57 - A.D. 668) that Korean Ginseng possessed the qualities of panacea, tonic and rejuvenator, and had other medicinal properties as well. The effectiveness of Korean Ginseng is widely recognized among south-eastern Asians as well as Chinese. As its effect has been proved scientifically. Korean Ginseng is now becoming the ginseng for all human beings in the world. Korean ginseng is differently called according to processing method. Dried thing is Insam(white ginseng), boiled or steamed is Hongsam(red ginseng). 장뇌삼(long headed ginseng) is artificially grown in the mountain no in field for a long time. So the body is thin and some long. but ingredients are concentrated. Korean wild ginseng(SANSAM) is rare in these days but we developed cosmetic ingredient. The scientific name of Korean Ginseng is Panax Ginseng. It has acknowledge as a natural mysterious cure among the notheastern peoples. because of its broad medicinal application. The origin of the word" Panax" derived from panacea. a Greek word meaning cure-all. According to the classification method of herb medicines in the Chinese medicinal book. "God-Farmer Materia Medica(A.D. 483-496) korean Ginseng was described as the superlative drug: panacea. tonic and rejuvenator. We studied skin immunological effect. collagen synthesis. cell growth and whitening effect of SANSAM extract. IN cosmetics.. SANSAM extract had skin fibroblast cell growth effect. recover damaged skin in the sun and protect fine wrinkle. Also. In hair product.. inhibits hairless, white hair.its hairless, white hair.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.377-383
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• 2004

This study reviewed the application of an extract from mountain ginseng adventitious roots which had been grown through tissue culture as a cosmetic ingredient. The mountain ginseng adventitious roots were derived from mountain ginseng callus that was induced from mountain ginseng root whose origin is estimated to date back about one hundred years ago. The adventitious roots were separated from callus and grown in a 20 L bioreactor. In order to proliferate the adventitious roots, they were cultured for 5 weeks in bioreactor. Then the harvested mountain ginseng adventitious roots were dried and extracted. For verifying skin whitening effect of an extract from the tissue-cultured mountain ginseng adventitious roots in vivo, we performed the clinical test of it. The research showed the significant skin whitening effect of a mountain ginseng adventitious roots extract and the statistical analysis showed a significant difference (p<0.0001) between sample ($2\%$ mountain ginseng adventitious roots extract) and placebo. But, some saponins showed below $10\%$ inhibitory effect of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in B-16 melanoma. The extracts of red ginseng and ginseng which were the same concentration as the tissue-cultured mountain ginseng adventitious roots extract's showed little inhibitory effect of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in B-16 melanoma. In DPPH test, Anti-hydroxyl radical activity of $0.5\%$ the tissue-cultured mountain ginseng adventitious roots extract was $86\%.$.