• Journal of Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

While herbal medicine including mineral herbal medicine mostly provides microelements to the human body thanks to abundant metallic elements, its harmfulness has been raised due to elements of heavy metals. Harmfulness of mineral herbal medicine needs to be analyzed quantitatively as well as qualitatively so that specificity of herbal medicine including mineral herbal medicine can be reflected. Consequently, the following aims should be set up to mineral herbal medicine, REALGAR, standard processing of REALGAR and the standards of processed drugs should be secured. On the basis of the results of this study, the reasonable measures to develop the processing method and the test method for heavy metals were presented. Such measures are expected to give the following results. First, consumers may take food and medicine without anxiety, and food and medicine may be effectively managed, and the national service may be improved, and also safety against heavy metals may be publicized. Second, as the principal ingredients and microelements of mineral herbal medicine are qualitatively analyzed, such results are expected to contribute to the advance of national analytics for herbal medicine.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.231-240
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• 2015

본 조사에서 사용된 중국 본초도감(本草圖鑑)에서는 총 93종의 광물성 약재가 보고되었고, 동의보감(東醫寶鑑)에서는 총 77종이 수재되었는데, 토부(토부) 18종, 옥부(玉部) 4종, 석부(석부) 55종으로 나누어 기술되었으며, 현재 전국한의과대학 교재인 본초학(本草學)에서는 23종이 수재되었다. 이 중 아토피피부염 외용제로 활용 가능한 약물은 동의보감(東醫寶鑑)에서는 주사(朱砂), 반석(礬石), 녹반(綠礬, 靑礬), 웅황(雄黃), 자황(雌黃), 석류황(石硫黃, 崑崙黃), 석회(石灰, 惡灰) 등 7종이 선별되었고, 本草圖鑑에서 15종으로 東醫寶鑑에서 선별된 광물약재 7종과 활석(滑石), 경분(輕粉), 연단(鉛丹), 노감석(爐甘石), 석(錫), 수은(水銀), 밀타승(密陀僧), 은주(銀朱) 등이 선별되었다. 本草學에서는 석고(石膏), 망초(芒硝), 활석(滑石), 주사(朱砂), 유황(硫黃), 비석(砒石), 웅황(雄黃), 경분(輕粉), 연단(鉛丹), 노감석(爐甘石), 붕사(硼砂), 금박(金箔), 한수석(寒水石) 등 14종이 선별되었다. 전반적으로 한의학적 이론인 이독치독(以毒治毒)에 의해 독성이 있는 약물이 대부분을 차지하고 있어, 매우 정교한 독성제거 방식 즉 수치 방식을 통한 독성제거를 실시한 후 사용되었다. 따라서 약물로 사용하는 경우 비독성 약물을 제외한 독성 약물은 현대적 방식에 의해 독성제거를 어떻게 것인가에 대한 논의가 필요할 것으로 보인다. 이 밖의 주요성분 또는 많은 함량을 가진 화합물 위주로 분류한 광물약재 역시 유의적인 결과 도출이 있을 수 있어 다양한 실험 및 분석기법을 통하여 효능 평가가 이루어질 경우 아토피피부염뿐만 아니라 염증성 질환에 광범위하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2002

In the literal study of anti-tumor effects of Jakeumjung. the results were as follows. 1. Jakeumjung is a traditional oriental medical prescription which is composed of Cremastare appeniculatae tuber, Euphorbiae pekinensis radix, Toosendan fructus, Chinensis galla, Moschus, Realgar and Cinnabaris. 2. Jakeumjung is applied to patients by administering or external application. When it is administered for patients, pertinent dose is 0.6~1.5g twice or three times per one day. When it is applied by external application, we melt it by water or vinegar and apply it to patients. 3. Effects of Jakeumjung are expelling toxin and pestilence, counteracting pathogen and relieving stagnation, detumescence and stopping pain. So it is used for detoxification from ancient. In recent, it is often used for cancer such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, epigastric cancer, acute leukemia, lymphoma, thymus cancer and skin cancer. 4. From the various experiments, Jakeumjung has been proved to have antifungal and antitumor effects. It inhibits and kills L7212, L1210 cells of leukemia. Especially, it acts in S stage of cell period. 5. Jakeumjung includes mineral medicines such as Realgar, Cinnabaris. So if we execute progressive study for anticancer effects and safety, the boundary of oriental medicine of using mineral medicines for cancer therapy will magnify in the future.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.222-227
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• 2002

Although there are a few reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicines, there has not yet been any report concerning their causes, mechanisms or prevention. We investigated the internal reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicines. In the findings, liver disorder (hepatic injury) was found in 7 cases, kidney disorders (nephropathy) were found in 12 cases, heart disorders were found in 4 cases and mineral-caused diseases were found in 2 cases. Besides, we found the major cause of the side effects and toxicity was drug abuse, such as over-dosage and long term medication. So, we hope this report brings more attention to the safety and toxicity of herbal medicines.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.365-372
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• 2002

The mineral medicines mean a sort of mineral or rock for medical treatment and natural material using their chemical components and physical properties. In this study, it was apprehended the mineralogical characteristics of As-bearing group mineral medicines. The extraction test is an vitro test system for predicting the bioavailability of the major and minor elements from mineral medicines and incorporates gastrointestinal tract parameters representative of a human(including stomach and small intestinal pH, stomach mixing time and velocity). The results of the extraction test are used for reaction path modeling in human body. Reaction path modeling in human body can predict digestion with gastric juice as well as bioavailability, speciation. Also, it can predict accumulation of arsenic as pH condition. As the results of the extraction test for digestion, the amounts of Fe extraction was the highest, followed by As, Ca, Ni. In addition, as the results of the reaction path modeling between arsenic compounds and gastric juice using thermodynamic data, when absorbed, major species are followed by H₃As₃S/sub 6/(aq), As₃S/sub 6/ (aq), AsO/sup +/, H₂As₃S/sup 6-/, H₂AsO/sup 3-/, HAs₃S6/sup 2-/, HAsO/sub 3//sup 2-/ and AsO/sub 3//sup 3-/. Specifically the concentration of H₃As₃S/sub 6/(aq) is the highest. As pH increases, the concentration of H₂AsO/sup 3-/, HAsO/sub 3//sup 2-/, HAsO/sub 3//sup 3-/, HAs₃S/sub 6//sup 2-/, H₂As₃S/sup 6-/, and H₃As₃S/sub 6/ increases, whereas the concentration of H₃As₃S/sub 6/ and AsO/sup +/ decreases. On the results of this study, it is able to find out effective and toxic components of poisonous arsenic group of mineral medicines and expected to be widely used for the development of new medicines.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.480-486
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 시중에 유통중인 광물성 생약에서의 중금속(Pb, Cd, As, Hg)에 대해 모니터링 하였다. Pb, Cd, As의 경우 시료 전처리는 습식분해법으로 하였으며, ICP-MS를 이용하여 검출하였고 Hg의 경우 AMA를 이용하여 모니터링 하였다. 모니터링의 결과 전체 시료(92)의 25.81%(24)가 Pb를 함유하고 있었으며 능자광(85.5 mg/kg), 부석(41.2 mg/kg), 진사(20.4 mg/kg)에서 기준치(0.5 mg/kg) 이상으로 검출되었다. Cd의 경우 전체 시료(92)의 9.68%(17)가 함유되어있었으며, 능자광(345 mg/kg), 부석(0.44 mg/kg), 진사(2.78 mg/kg)에서 기준치(0.3 mg/kg) 이상으로 검출되었고, 전체 시료(92)의 24.73%(23)가 As를 함유하고 있었으며, 능자광(5.72 mg/kg), 조산화납(22.2 mg/kg), 황화제이수은(10.0 mg/kg), 진사(12.5 mg/kg), 흑운모(14.6 mg/kg)에서 기준치(3 mg/kg)이상으로 검출되었다. Hg의 경우는 전체 시료(92)의 76.34%(78)가 함유되어 있었으며, 전체 13 종 광물 중 10종에서 기준치(0.2 mg/kg) 이상으로 검출되었다. 따라서, 국내에 유통되고 있는 광물성 생약재의 품질 평가와 안전관리를 보완하여 광물성 생약에 대한 신뢰성과 안전성을 확보할 필요성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2015

광물성 약재(광물약)는 오랜 기간 동안 주로 중국, 한국 등 동양의 전통의학에서 화학성분이나 물리적인 성질이 질병치료나 건강 증진에 이용되어 왔던 단일 광물, 암석 및 생물화석 등을 의미한다. 광물성 약재는 산지의 지질특성, 기후 및 지표 환경에 의해 광물학적 특성이 달라지며, 광물의 조직, 수반광물, 정제 방법에 따라 약재로서의 효용성이 달라진다. 특히, 광물성 약재에 함유되어 있는 광물조성, 주성분 및 미량성분의 차이는 광물약의 약효와 유해성에 영향을 준다. 그러므로 광물약의 분석방법과 전처리 및 제조과정에 대한 표준화가 매우 중요하다. 광물성 약재에 함유된 유해 금속 원소는 수치(법제)나 탕약 제조 등 약제의 전처리 과정과 위와 장에서의 소화과정에서 성분이 변화되어 용출량이 결정되기 때문에 체내와 대응되는 조건에서의 적절한 시험방법을 정립하여, 그 결과에 의해 위액용출도, 인체흡수도, 안정성과 위해성이 평가되어야 한다. 또한, 광물성 약재의 안정성과 위해성을 평가할 수 있는 연구결과로 유효성분과 독성 물질의 체내 존재량을 예측할 수 있어야 한다. 연구에서 제안된 광물성 약재의 표준화 방법은 광물약의 개발과 활용에 유용한 기초자료로 이용될 뿐만 아니라, 광물성 약재의 품질 표준을 규격화 하는 기준을 제시해줄 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2008

Infantile convulsion has always been the subject of concern as it is a common yet fatal disease among infants. During the Koryo dynasty and the early years of Chosun dynasty animal and mineral medicinal materials were used to relieve heat. These are replaced with more subtle medicinal materials later on in the Chosun dynasty when differentiation of chronic and acute infantile convulsion first emerged. As such, perception on appropriate medicinal materials is constantly renovated in the course of time.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2011

Objective : Kyenegum has been frequently used for characterizing digestive symptoms in the traditional and oriental medicines. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of extracts from velvet antlers using the 4 different kinds of extracting methods. Methods : The extracts of velvet antlers were extracted using a $65^{\circ}C$ DW (9hrs), a Kyenegum crude enzyme, a $121^{\circ}C$ DW (2hrs), and a Kyenegum protease. To evaluate the characteristic of velvet antler extracts, we examined the brix, soluble solid, amino acid, mineral composition, and collagen protein. Results : As a result of the comparisons of velvet antlers extracted by the traditional extraction and the crude enzyme of kyenegum, the brix and soluble solid showed the higher contents for kyenegum enzymes. Also, mineral contents of the extracted velvet antlers were higher, particularly in Ca and P for those. The contents of collagen protein, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, were found to be more than twice in kyenegum protease compared with other extracting methods. Conclusion : These results indicated that the Kyenegum crude enzyme and protease are very effective to extract of velvet antlers.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.12-35
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• 2011

Objectives: The two criteria to clarify the toxicity of a herbal diet are well known. Although mechanical analysis of effective ingredients, a western approach, is widely used, the toxicity presence classification through the herbal analysis from a viewpoint of a theory of the herbal medicine properties has been disregarded. This study is for the safe use of a herbal diet through classification and study of toxicity presence in the herbal diet from the view of a theory of herbal medicine properties, one of the methods of Oriental Medicine. Methods: We classified and studied the toxicity presence in four kinds of herbal diets, waters and grains, animals groups, fruits and vegetables, and herbs and trees, excluding mineral natural drugs, of 1,400 kinds of medicines in 16 chapters of Tang-aec-pyeon, Dong-ui-bo-gam, for which the herbal analysis from a viewpoint of the theory of the herbal medicine properties has been used. The criteria of the toxicity presence in the herbal diet have been largely classified into the toxicant and the non-toxicant, and the toxicant is in turn classified into the insignificant, the medium and the significant. The category to clarify herbal diet has been limited to simultaneous utilization of food and natural drugs. The main text is Dong-ui-bo-gam, although diverse other references have also been used. Results: There are toxicant diets: a kind of tortoise meat of animals groups; five kinds of grains part in fruits and vegetables: aengdo, peach, oyat, small apple and gingko nut; and 12 kinds of vegetables part in fruits and vegetables: ginger, oriental cabbage, lettuce, chongbaek, onion, garlic, leek, fern, houttuynia cordata (myeol), pyeongji, geundae, and spinach, which should be prohibited from long-term use both as food and medicine. Conclusion: If herbal diet is used as health food supplements or food, the toxicity presence should be considered on the grounds of an Oriental Medicine theory of the herbal medicine properties.