• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2017

Economic sentiment is typically measured using ordinary response options. The University of Michigan and the United States Conference Board are two widely used major indexes that have separately established independent consumer sentiment indexes based on three-level ordinary response options: positive, neutral, and negative. Notwithstanding, limited attention has been paid to the structural differences in their built-in formulas, which are referred to the disparate micro scoring schemes applied to an individual question. This paper examines the structural difference of the two indexes and then addresses situations where one is more reliable than the other. Real data from business tendency surveys of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are used to illustrate our points empirically. As a conclusion, it is stressed that the two indexes should be handled with care when applied to economic sentiment comparison studies.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.36
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• pp.21-37
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• 1998

The scale of Social expenditure is significant yardstick to evaluate the standard of development in social welfare. But, it was not produced systemically, continuously in Korea. This study is to search how is produced social expenditure statistics in Korea. For this purpose, this paper studied how it is defined, classified, and categorized in the light of international institute such as OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), ILO(International Labor Organization), and IMF(International Monetary Fund). This paper suggests that Social expenditure statistics in Korea must be calculated continuously, systemically, and is collected periodically by Ministry of health and Welfare. This paper also shows what is considered to understand social expenditure in Korea.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.14-19
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• 1997

Koreans have emphasized education as the primary means to reconstruct our country means to reconstruct our country after two catastrophic events-the Japanese occupation and the Korean War(1950-1953). A Strong belief- in education coupled with sheer deter-mination spurred the period of industrial and eeonomic development that started in the early 1970-'s. The "can-do" attitude of the general public was matched and aided by small S & T communities. Scientists and engineers provided the neeessary expertise to manufacture goods and process the many raw materials imported from overseas. After nearly three decades of reconst-ructing our completely devastated country, Korea has become a modern, cosmo-politan, fast-paced and dynamic country. In order to further increaser our manufac- turing capabilities and double the per-capita income by the beginning of the 21st century, we must improve productivitiy and encourage creatitivity in all sectors of our country. The S & T community's efforts in research and development. education, and interna-tional cooperation will be invaluable in determining our direction and reaching these goals. The general public is eager to peacefully unite our foreign powers since 1945. Toward that end. members of the S & T community are willing to coope-rate with our north Korean counterparts in all areas of S & T with the exception of defense related endeavors. Establi-shing scientific ties with north Korea will result in mutual economic benefit and greater regional stability in East Asia. In particular. scientists and manu-facturers in each province are eager to initiate cordial and professional relation-ships with north Korea in the hopes of securing these benefits. The Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies(KOFST) has played an important role both in developing S & T policies, and in gostering the frowty of S & T societies. A non-governmental umbrella organization composed of over 251 professional societies, KOFST facili-tates the transfer of research outcomes and technology from research institutions to the various industries. KOFST also seeks to increase cooperation between the countries of the Pacific Rim. As evidence of that, we have pursued joint research and industrial ventures with China. Established projects include those on environmental conditions in the Yellow Sea, and improvement of aircraft manufacturing, telecommunica-tion equipment, and agricultural produ-cts. Increased cooperation between the Pacific Rim countries, particularly in S & T, would foster social and economic development for the region as a whole.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-72
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• 2016

Our main concerns in this paper are with the several kinds of social economy organization in rural South Korea, in where social exclusion is likely to be prevalent over time. Approximately, there are 2,500~3,000 social economy organizations which have been set up from 1990s. Most of their operational social aims are either to offer jobs or to provide social services for the vulnerable social groups in rural communities. They have several normative principles as a social economy organization. But the two principles were less supported than the others; 1) the community's initiative and participation, and 2) sharing surplus with community. The social economy organizations are involved in various types of business. The greatest number of social economy organizations are doing businesses in agriculture and agro-industry. On average, their value of asset is worth of 300 million wons. They are indebted for 130 million wons, averagely. Their average surplus is 110 million wons. Most of them are small businesses. It is enough to say that the social economy is at an early stage in rural South Korea. The social economy is confronted with some challenges, as follows. Firstly, the social economy organizers should be based on the needs of community in both setting up a new social economy organization and managing businesses. Secondly, networking and cooperation between social economy organizations should be expanded and strengthened. Thirdly, the sound governance with public sector should be built.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.771-783
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• 2022

In this study, the feasibility of alternative tractor Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) designed to evaluate conditions required for testing was confirmed. In accordance with Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) code 4, the required load energy of the tractor ROPS was determined. First, the tractor ROPS test was performed and a repeated test was performed using a simplified ROPS as an alternative tractor ROPS. The test procedure is first rearward, second lateral, and last forward based on ROPS. The load test device consists of a load cell that measures force and a LVDT that measures deformation. Precision was confirmed by calculating the relative standard deviation of the simplified ROPS repeated test. Accuracy was analyzed by calculating the mean relative error between the mean measured values in the simplified ROPS test and the tractor ROPS test. As a result, the relative standard deviation was less than 2.5% for force and 3.3% for maximum deformation overall, showed the highest precision in lateral load. The mean relative error value for force measured at the lateral load of simplified ROPS was 0.5%, showing the highest accuracy. In the front load test, the mean relative error of maximum deformation was 20.5%, showing the lowest accuracy. The mean relative error (MRE) was high in the forward load test was because of structural factors of the ROPS. The simplified ROPS model is expected to save money and time spent preparing tractors.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.61
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• pp.327-358
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• 2014

During the past decade after entering the World Trade Organization (WTO), China has quickened its integration into the global economy while its foreign trade has been further invigorated. On the 10th anniversary of China's accession to the WTO, the Chinese government issues White Paper to give a comprehensive introduction to China's foreign trade development. Through this paper, the Chinese government introduces I. Historic Progress in China's Foreign Trade II. Reform of and Improvements to China's Foreign Trade System III. The Development of China's Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade V. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation VI. Realizing Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade. At present, the underlying impact of the international financial crisis, the protracted, arduous and complicated nature of the world economic recovery is manifesting itself, and the global economic structure and trade layout face in-depth readjustment. China will make new adjustments to its foreign trade, in an effort to turn foreign trade from scale expansion to quality and profit improvement, and from mainly relying on its low-cost advantage to enhancing its comprehensive competitive edge, thereby turning China from a big trading country to a strong trading power. China's foreign trade is still hampered by many uncertainties and is bound to meet new difficulties and challenges. During the 12th Five-year Plan period China will open itself wider to the outside world as a driver for further reform, development and innovation, make full use of its advantages, strengthen international cooperation in all respects. And at the same time China integrate itself into the world economy on a wider scale and at a higher level. China is willing to work with its trading partners to cope with the various challenges facing the world economy and trade, and promote its foreign trade to realize a more balanced, coordinated and sustainable development, and share prosperity and mutually beneficial results with its trading partners.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.47
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• pp.263-298
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• 2010

The global trading system is vulnerable to terrorist exploitation while the international trade is an essential element for the economic development. Customs has a unique role in the international trade to provide increased security while ensuring facilitation of the legitimate flow of goods and the role of Customs has become more and more indispensable these days. In response to this trend, the World Customs Organization(WCO), the organization of more than 170 Customs administrations all over the world, adopted an international framework("SAFE Framework") in 2005, which includes the Authorized Economic Operator(AEO) concept, whereby a party involved in the international movement of goods would be approved by Customs as complying with the supply chain security standards, and given benefits, such as simplified Customs procedure and less Customs intervention. In this stream, the Japanese government has developed and promoted AEO Program in close cooperation with the business sector, aiming at ensuring security while facilitating legitimate trade. For that purpose, Japan Customs, as a main entity in the field of international trade, has developed comprehensive AEO program with combination of programs for importers, exporters, warehouse operators, Customs brokers and logistics operators, such as forwarders and carriers, which are consistent with the "SAFE Framework" developed by the WCO. The purpose of this paper aims to analyse the introduction plans of AEO program for the trade security and trade facilitation with Japanese AEO system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2004

The heavy dependence of modern science-based agriculture on chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, and heavy machinery gave rise to questions about long-term sustainability of agriculture in relation to degradation of soil quality. The research achievements and trends in developing soil quality indicators were introduced and discussed in this report. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established 13 agri-environment indicators including soil quality indicator in 1994, collected the soil data and methodologies for development of soil quality indicators in OECD member countries responded to OECD questionnaires and published the OECD reports, Environmental Indicators for Agriculture Volume 1, 2, and 3. Leading countries such as USA, Canada and New Zealand collected national data and evaluated the data in aspect of soil quality. They developed the various methods for selecting a minimum data set (MDS), scoring the soil properties and calculating soil quality index integrating the score of each soil property.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.945-955
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• 2015

The technology of the SWG (Smart Water Grid) as one of most important national projects results in significant assignment that is closely associated with systematic management and effective operation. The individual component technics are required to establish directory and classification for the purpose of effectively managing their information related to research and development (R&D). The national science technology (S&T) standard classification tree which results in the representative example has been established with an intention to manage R&D information, human resource, and budget. It has been also revised every five years and then used in the various fields related to the evaluation, administration, and prediction of the national R&D projects. In addition, the standard classification system for R&D projects has been widely used in the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and EU (European Union) since the Frascati Manual was established in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Therefore, it is necessary for SWG techniques to develop the standard S&T classification tree for research management and evaluation. For this, it is essential to draw the core techniques for the SWG, which are incorporated with IT (Information Technology), NT (Nano Technology), and BT (Biology Technology).

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.105-120
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• 2017

Chung-ju enterprise city was selected as a model enterprise city in 2005, and the city is planned to finish the construction in 2020. The main purpose of this study is to suggest the developing strategy and activation plan for Chung-ju enterprise city based on the enterprise city of developed countries. Chung-ju enterprise city will grow into well-being self-sufficient city due to the cutting edge knowledge, industry-centered cluster which is the new growth industry of Chungchungbuk-do and the surrounding excellent nature. For the success of Chung-ju enterprise city, the cooperation between developing agents such as companies, universities, local government, and central government is important. The leading companies and researching facilities should be attracted as well. Also, non-profit exclusive organization must be installed. The successful development of Chung-ju enterprise city means the success of balanced region development policy which will solve overpopulation of capital region and unbalance of Korea.