• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.795-806
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• 2016

This study was conducted to improve the continuous techniques for international competitiveness of ginseng industry to Korea-China FTA negotiation and conclusion, and provide the basic information for ginseng industry development of Korea. It was carried out the visiting of the northeastern three provinces (Jilin, Liaoling and Heilongjang) in China for 3-year from 2014 to 2016 and observed the farmers' fields of ginseng cultivation with soil environmental status. The types of ginseng cultivation could be observed in small scales of 0.5~3.0 ha, in middle scales of 4.0~10.0 ha and in large scales of 30~700 ha with the kinds of imhasam, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng and western ginseng. Also ginseng was cultivated in newly reclaimed land of forest in two types of direct seeding and transplanting of ginseng seedlings. The field beds of ginseng growing were covered with vinyl films in arch design of 100~130 cm height and vinyl was painted in spraying with blue, green and yellow colours for shading. It was investigated in status of the physico-chemical properties of soils. The physical information on the field soils were silt loam, loam and sandy loam in soil textures, and some plain in low slope, some alluvial fan or local valley in forest of land topography. Soil pH ranged within 5.0~5.2, soil EC was $0.93{\sim}3.78dS\;m^{-1}$, organic matter was $37{\sim}35g\;kg^{-1}$, nitrate nitrogen $63{\sim}490mg\;kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ $55{\sim}163mg\;kg^{-1}$, and in exchangeable cations, K was 0.30~0.98, Ca was 6.5~14.0, Mg was $1.1{\sim}5.3cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ in ranges. Farmers used the fertilizer for ginseng cultivation in 10~11 t of compost, $200{\sim}400kg\;ha^{-1}$ of complex fertilizer and $750kg\;ha^{-1}$ of oil cakes. The northeastern three provinces of China can use the newly lands with large areas of ginseng cultivation in soil sickness by continuous cropping. and the soil basic fertility is batter than that of Korean in standard guide of ginseng cultivation soil.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2000

This research has been done to investigate influence of soil physical and chemical properties on forest environmental change by fired pine forest in Koseong, Kangwondo. The sample sites were divided by not-fired sites(NF), not-cutting site after fired(FNC), cutting and planting sites after fired(FCP) and cutting and not-planting sites after fired(FC). Soil texture of whole sites was sandy clay loam. Sand content of NF top soil were lower than those of sub soil and clay content were higher, while FNC, FCP and FC sand content of top soil were higher than those of sub soil. Total porosity didn't differ between the sites. Coarse porosity and permeability had the increasing order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, but fine porosity and bulk density had the opposite trends. Because forest fire removed the vegetation and then soil erosion was accelerated, forest environmental changes by forest fire greatly degraded soil porosity and permeability which were indices for forest water retention, so that soil physical properties were deteriorated. Both top and sub soil pHs of NF and FNC were higher than those of FCP and FC. Organic matter content and total nitrogen content of top and sub soils were high in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC. Cation exchange capacities and exchangeable cation(K+, Na+, $Ca^2$+, $Mg^2$+) content in top soils were higher than those in sub soils, and in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, to be compared by the sites. Those mean that forest fire result from the erosion of top soil layers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1974

This study was performed to find out the organic matter content, and what is more, the relation between its content and major morphological properties of cultivated upland soils in Korea. The results were as follows. 1. The average organic matter content of cultivated upland soils was 1.73 percent, mostly ranging from 0.6 to 2.5 percent. 2. Examining the organic matter content by subgroup of cultivated upland soils. It was found 13 percent in volcanic ash yellowish brown Cambisols and 6.3 percent in Humic yellowish brown Entisols, Fluventic yellowish brown Entisols was found 1.0 percent, lowest one. The average organic matter content of Entisols, Cambisols, and Argillisols was 1.1, 2.1, and 1.8 percent respectively. 3. According to organic matter content by texture of profile, the average content of sandy soils was 1.0 percent; 1.5 percent in coarse loamy soils; and 1.8 percent in fine loamy soils. The organic matter content increased with an increased clay content in coarse texture group, but there was no significant difference between fine loamy and clayey soil group. This tendency was also observed in surface soil texture. 4. In the relation between slope and organic matter content, its content in flat area was 1.3 percent that is rather low compared to 1.6 percent of sloping area. Especially, cultivated upland soils ranging brown 15 to 30 percent in slope were 1.8 percent which is relatively high. 5. The organic matter content have nothing to do with suitability groups. Itss ontent of I, II, III, IV and V class was 1.3, 1.6, 1.7, 1.2 and 2.0 percent respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.469-477
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• 1994

Many researchers have investigated most representative sequential extraction method using various reagents for determining the chemical forms of metals in soils and sediments. In this paper, a newly modified method for sequential extraction scheme based on Tessier's method by Environmental Geochemistry Research, Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College, was introduced and examined. In comparison with Tessier's method, originally designed for sediment analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), the sequential extraction scheme has been developed for the multi-element analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The partitioning of particulate trace elements was classified into five fractions: (i) exchangeable, (ii) bound to carbonates or specially adsorbed, (iii) bound to Fe and Mn oxides, (iv) bound to organic matter and sulphides and (v) residuals. The experimental results of the pilot study for in-house reference material (HRM2) and certified international standard reference material (SRM2711) using the modified method showed not only reasonable precision and accuracy but also acceptable overall recovery rates. In addition, mine dump soils sampled in the Dalsung Cu-W mine, Korea were prepared and sequentially extracted using the method. Most of Cu was bound to organic matter/sulphides and residual fractions. The dominant fraction of soil Pb and Zn in the study area was found in the residuals. The fraction of Cd showed a wide variation between samples and could be found bound to the carbonates or specially adsorbed, oxides, organic fraction and residuals. The recovery rates of Cd, however, were poor due to relatively low Cd concentrations in soils. The heavy metals in these mine dumps appear to be in the more inert forms and should not be readily bioavailable. The soils, however, had very low pH values (average 4.1) and had sandy textures; consequently, rapid infiltration of rainfall may increase leaching of Zn and Cd which were found to be around 5 to 10% of the exchangeable fraction. As a result of the investigation of this study, it has been strongly recommended that these mine waste materials should still be considered a significant contaminant source and will need environmental remediation to prevent pollutants from being released into the environment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.719-730
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the environmental characteristics of natural habitats, and the genetic variations in samples from 19 different quadrates of Asplenium scolopendrium 10 habitats. The natural habitats of A. scolopendrium were located at an altitudes 110-973 m with inclinations of $7-30^{\circ}$. All the quadrates were located on north facing slopes. The average field capacity of the soil is 31.4%, with organic matter at 16.7%, and the pH is 5.84. The soil texture was confirmed as sandy loam in 8 habitats and silt loam in 2 habitats. A total of 214 vascular plants were identified from 10 habitats. The importance value of the herbaceous layer (H) was the highest in A. scolopendrium, at 10.4%, followed by Arachniodes standishii (7.3%), Dryopteris crassirhizoma (6.5%), and Polystichum tripteron (5.3%), which implies that the natural habitats of A. scolopendrium are affinity with ferns. The species diversity of A. scolopendrium was estimated as on average 1.09, while the dominance and evenness were 0.12 and 0.87, respectively. The result of the RAPD analysis, among 59 bands amplified with a primer, 25 (42.4%) showed polymorphism. Twenty-one individuals of 10 habitats could be classified into four groups with similarity coefficient values ranging from 0.74 to 1.0. Mt. Mullae and Geumdaebong populations shows basal branching within the 21 individuals. Ulleung-do island and Jeju-do island population forms an independent clade, respectively. Mt. Moak and Byeonsan-bando clade formed a sister to the Ulleung-do island and Jeju-do island clade.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2017

Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the fatty acid content and habitat conditions of Glehnia littoralis in the Korean midwest region. Methods and Results: The emergence area of G. littoralis was 36.1 m from the coastline at an elevation of 4.2 m and slope of 4.3%. The soil of the habitat was sandy, the pH was 8.4, organic matter content was 0.4%, $P_2O_5$ content was 9.1 mg/kg and the content of K, Ca, Mg and Na were 0.09, 9.31, 0.43 and $0.23cmol^+/kg$, respectively. Other plants growing in this area with G. littoralis included 16 taxa. Plant with high coverage and frequency were Carex kobomugi, Elymus mollis, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Lathyrus japonicus, Calystegia soldanella and Carex pumila. In the seeds of G. littoralis, the maximum fatty acid content was 65.5% oleic acid, 28.7% linoleic acid, 4.3% palmitic acid, 1.5% stearic acid, and 0.2% linolenic acid. Conclusions: In G. littoralis of Korean midwest, the scope of collection and cultivation for medicinal purposes was broad, because differences in associated vegetation, soil composition, and fatty acid content owing to habitat conditions was low.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.775-786
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• 2018

To test the hypothesis that humic acid (HA), anaerobically digested pig slurry filtrate (APS), and their combination would differently affect the chemical speciation and extractability of metals (cadmium, copper, and zinc) and their uptake by plants, we conducted a pot experiment using wormwood in two texturally contrasting soils (sandy loam and clay loam) collected from a field near an abandoned Cu mine. Four treatments were laid out: HA at $ 23.5g\;kg^{-1}$ (HA), APS at $330mL\;kg^{-1}$ (APS), HA at $ 23.5g\;kg^{-1}$ and APS at $330mL\;kg^{-1}$ (HA + APS), and a control. Each treatment affected the chemical speciation and mobility of the metals, and thereby resulting in variable patterns of plant biomass yield and metal uptake. The APS supported plant growth by increasing nutrient availability. HA supported or hindered plant growth by impacting the soil's water and nutrient retention capacity and aeration, in a soil texture-dependent manner, while consistently enhancing the immobilization of heavy metals. Temporal increases in whole-plant dry matter yield and metal accumulation suggested that the plants were capable of metal hyperaccumulation. The results were discussed in terms of the mobility of metals and plant growth and corroborated by the $^{15}N$ recovery of soil- and plant-N pools under H and HS treatments. Therefore, for effective phytoremediation of polluted soils, an appropriate combination of plant growth promoters (APS) and chelating agents (HA) should be predetermined at the site where chemical stabilization of pollutants is desired.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2016

To identify the effects of straw mulching on soil physicochemical properties in reclaimed saline soil, field experiment was conducted for 3 years (2010~2012) in Saemangeum reclaimed land. Soil series of the experimental field was Munpo and soil texture was fine sandy loam. The experiment was conducted at a field with EC of $2.4dS\;m^{-1}$ (field I) and the other field with EC of $5.6dS\;m^{-1}$ (field II). Each experimental field was treated with rye straw incorporation, mulching with rye straw and control. In 2010 rye straw produced from other field was used for the experiment and in 2011~2012 rye straw cultivated at the same experimental field was used. After rye straw application, soybean was cultivated. After 3 years field experiment, by rye straw incorporation, soil salinity decreased from $2.4dS\;m^{-1}$ to $0.6dS\;m^{-1}$ at field I but increased from $5.6dS\;m^{-1}$ to $7.6dS\;m^{-1}$ at field II. By mulching with rye straw soil salinity decreased from $2.4dS\;m^{-1}$ to $0.5dS\;m^{-1}$ at field I and also decreased from $5.6dS\;m^{-1}$ to $0.5dS\;m^{-1}$ at field II. By rye straw incorporation and mulching soil organic matter increased from $2g\;kg^{-1}$ to $4g\;kg^{-1}$. At field I yields of soybean were similar between rye straw incorporation and mulching but at field II yield of soybean increased apparently by mulching with rye straw compared to rye straw incorporation and control.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2004

To elucidate the effects of composted pig manure on soil biochemical properties, composted pig manure was amended in a sandy loam soil and Chinese cabbage was grown. Composted pig manure treatments included 8, 29 and $57Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for CM-08, CM-29, and CM-57 plots, respectively. Biomass contents and enzymes activities in the non-rhizophere soil were measured. Activities of protease, phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase in the plot CM-57 increased to 2.3, 1.6, and 2.4 fold as compared with those of the control plot. Soil microbial biomass contents increased in proportion to the application rates of compost and biomass C, N, and P in the plot CM-59 were 4.3, 3.4, 2.8-fold higher than those of control p1ot(no fertilizer), respectively. During cultivation of Chinese cabbage, biomass C and N were higher in the middle growth stage, although biomass P was the highest in the early growth stage. The average ratio of biomass C:N:P was 11:2:1, and proportion of biomass C and N in the soil organic C and N was 1.1 and 3.6%, respectively. Activities of protease and dehydrogenase had significant correlations with biomass C and P.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1970

This investigation was one of the series of ecological studies on the plant communities of Quelpart Island which was held in 1969. It was aimed at studying the ground vegetation of Torreya nucifera and the soil properties of the ground in which it grows. Observaton of the flora in a place where wild growth of Crinum maritimum, soil properties and distribution of micro-organisms in a place where wild growth occurs, were also made. 1) A few kinds which have important values among the ground vegetation fo Torreya nucifera forest are Liniope graminifolia, Convallaria keiskei, Sasaquelpaertensis, Carex kingiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Pyrola japonica, Hedera tobleri, etc. 2) While the studies of 25 Quadrats were being held, 29 species in A plot, 30 species in B plot, and 26 species in C plot have been found. 3) The kind which has the highest important value among the species located in naked plot(outside of Torreya nucifera forest) is Zoysia japonica and 18 other kinds were found. 4) The soil fertility through all depths are found higher in the forest soil than in that of open places. 5) P2O5, K, and total exchangeable bases etc. have shown the difference of contents according to the depth and generally had lower value as much as it goes down. 6) The content of N was a lot higher than any other forest soil and P2O5, K and total exchangeable bases seemed to be a little lower. 7) The overall flora of Todo consists of 71 species (9 species of wood plant and 62 species of herbs) added 28 kinds of non-reported species. 8) Themineral contents are the highest at a place of wind growth of Crinum maritimum which has much organic matter. The subsoil of this place is more fertile than surface soil. 9) The soil of Todo which is sandy soil, consists of shellfish shell and quartz, and has low fertility and alkali. 10) In the total occurrences of micro-organisms, bacteria was the greatest in number followed by actinomycete and fungi, in that order. 11) A survey of the soil depth and the ecological distributional pattern of micro-organismsm revealed that the number of micro-organisms is the greatest on the surface, gradually decreasing in proportion to the depth. 12) It was found that a comparatively greater number of micro-organisms occurred when the soil showed an adequate increase in water content.