• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.203-213
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• 2010

This study examined the wearing conditions of working clothes of shipbuilding industry workers according to the working environmental factors and working process features. It was also investigated the relationship between the wearing sense of working clothes and the overall comfort according to work processes. In the working process of shipbuilding industry, the process of fitting, welding, grinding and painting were chosen by considering work environmental factors, disaster types, hazardous materials, work process features, working clothes and safety equipments of each work categorized. The workers of fitting process usually wore the standard working clothes, while more than 60% of the workers of welding, grinding and painting wore the specialized protective clothes. The hazardous work environmental factors such as noise, heavy dust, high temperature and noxious fumes affected to the workers of fitting, welding and grinding. However, the workers of painting were greatly damaged by organic solvent. The dissatisfaction with the wearing performance of working clothes was highly shown in the sweat absorbency, moisture permeability and body protection. In respect of the correlation between the overall comfort and the wearing sense of working clothes, the satisfaction was decreased in orders of movement comfort> sensual comfort> physiological comfort.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.177-187
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• 1993

The exposure levels of mixed organic solvents for 66 exposed workers in six paint manufacturing plants were evaluated. In 66 exposed workers and 30 control subjects, we also determined the concentrations of toluene and xylene metabolites, hippuric acid, ($o^-$, $m^-$, and $p^-$)methylhippuric acid. The results were as follow ; 1. Seven organic compounds, which on averge accounted for approximately 90% of the identified mass in each painting plants air samples, were selected for quantification : methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, butyl acetate, ethyl benzene, ($o^-$, $m^-$, $p^-$)xylene. 2. The average mixed organic solvent exposure levels in 66 points with workplce were 3.8ppm of MEK, 12.2ppm of ethyl acetate, 4.0ppm of MIBK, 28.7ppm of toluene, 3.8ppm of butyl acetate, 10.2ppm of ethyl benzene, 14.6ppm of xylene, respectively. 3. For the total 66 points with workplace, the rate of them of which mixed solvents in air was exceeded th TLV of 1.0 were obtained for 23%(15/66 point). 4. The concentrations of hippuric acid in urine of exposed group and control were $0.94{\pm}0.65g/g$ of creatinine, $0.16{\pm}0.11g/g$ of creatinine, respectively. 5. There was a linear correlation between the end shift hippuric acid acid levels in urine and exposed toluene in air : y=0.02079X+494.2, r=0.6488, n=55 y:hippuric acid in urine(mg/g of creatinine), x:toluene levels in air(ppb) Toluene levels of 100ppm in air have been caculated to hippuric acid of 2.57g/g of creatinine in urine. 6. There was a linear correlation between the end shift methylhippuric acid acid levels in urine and exposed xylene in air : y=0.01664X+31.6, r=0.7264, n=55 y:methylhippuric acid in urine(mg/g of crea.), x:xylene levels in air(ppb) Xylene levels of 100ppm in air have been caculated to methylhippuric acid of 1.69g/g of creatinine in urine.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate whether long-term, low-level exposure to monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) induced insulin resistance. Methods: The subjects were 110 male workers who were occupationally exposed to styrene, toluene, and xylene. One hundred and ten age-matched male workers who had never been occupationally exposed to organic solvents were selected as a control group. Cytokines, which have played a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and oxidative stress indices were measured. Assessment of exposure to MAHs was performed by measuring their ambient levels and their urinary metabolites in exposed workers, and the resulting parameters between the exposed group and non-exposed control groups were compared. Results: There was no significant difference in general characteristics and anthropometric parameters between the two groups; however, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels were significantly higher in the exposed group. Phenylglyoxylic acid levels showed significant association with tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, total oxidative status, and oxidative stress index via multiple linear regression analysis. Further, there was a negative correlation between methylhippuric acid levels and total anti-oxidative capacity, and there was a significant relationship between MAHs exposure and fasting glucose levels, as found by multiple logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 3.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.074-14.530). Conclusion: This study indicated that MAHs increase fasting glucose level and insulin resistance. Furthermore, these results suggested that absorbing the organic solvent itself and active metabolic intermediates can increase oxidative stress and cytokine levels, resulting in the changes in glucose metabolism and the induction of insulin resistance.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.156-167
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• 2010

To evaluate the effect of lead biomarkers including bone lead on neurobehavioral test in retired lead workers, 131 retired lead workers without any occupational exposure to organic solvent, mercury and arsenic were agreed to participate this study. For the control subjects 56 non-occupationally lead exposed subjects were recruited from same area of retired lead workers with consideration of demographic characteristics. The mean levels of blood and bone lead of retired lead workers were significantly higher than control group and there were significant correlation among other lead biomarkers. Compared with controls without occupational lead exposure, lead exposured subjects had worse performance on 10 tests out of 12 neurobehavioral tests, but only two tests(Purdue pegboard nondominant and both hand) showed statistical significance of differences. In multiple linear regression analysis of neurobehavioral tests with lead biomarkers and demographic and lifestyle variables, age was associated negatively with 11 neurobehavioral tests, whereas log-transformed ZPP was associated with Purdue pegboard(both hand) and Santa Ana manual dexterity(non-dominant hand). On the other hand, tibia lead was associated Pursuit aiming test(correct) and Purdue pegboard(dominant hand) and calcaneal lead was associated with Purdue pegboard(dominant hand). This study confirmed that among all relevant variables age was most significantly associated with the poor performance of neurobehavioral tests. The blood lead did not have any significant association with neurobehavioral tests, but tibia and calcaneal bone lead and blood ZPP showed significant association with a few tests even after more than mean 9 years from their retirements.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제9권1_2호
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• pp.37-51
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• 1994

To evaluate the genotoxicities of workers exposed to glue and glue cleaning solution, ambient air monitoring of working place, animal study and human monitoring were carried out. By GC-MS analysis, air samples collected from shoesmaking plant were found to be toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, n-hexane, methyl ethyl ketone, trichloroethylene, butylacetate, isopropyl alcohol. Glue and glue cleaning solution from shoesmaking plant were applicated topically to the CD-1 mice. DNA was isolated from skin 24 hr following the application and analysed for DNA-adducts using the nuclease $P_1$version of $^{32}$P-postlabelling assay. RAL (Relative Adduct Labelling, adducts$10^8$ nucleotides) was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in the glue cleaning solution treated mice skin. Peripheral blood DNA-adducts of workers exposed to glue and glue cleaning solution were also analysed by the same method, but there were not significant differences in the peripheral blood DNA-adducts level between exposed and control workers. In addition, glue cleaning solution from shoes factory was evaluated for mutagenicity in the Salmonella plate incorporation assay using strains TA 100 and TA 1535 in the presence and absence of Arochlor 1254-induced rat liver S$_{9}$. There was evident mutagenicity for cleaning solution in TA 100 regardless of $S_9$, but TA 1535 showed positive only in the absence of $S_9$when predicted by Stead model of mutagenicity prediction (p=0.0000). The urine concentrates from workers and controls were also assayed for mutagenicity towards strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of $S_9$ using Kado's microsuspension assay, but their mutagenic activities were not found to be significant. These data suggest that shoesmaking workers are exposed to genotoxic compounds and need to be monitored by testing the mutagenicity of human urines. However, $^{32}$P-postlabelling application requires further validation for the routine monitoring of human exposure.osure.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.136-145
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• 1999

유기용제와 소음의 폭로가 청력손실에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 유기용제 폭로군 32명, 소음 폭로군 31명, 소음과 유기용제에 동시에 폭로된 군 31명 그리고 대조군 53명을 대상으로 소음과 유기용제 폭로 정도와 청력손실치를 계산하여 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사 대상자들은 소음과 유기용제에 허용기준치 이하로 폭로되었으며, 요중 마뇨산 배설량도 참고치 이하로 배설되었다. 소음의 경우 소음과 유기용제 동시 폭로군과 소음 폭로군이 유기용제 폭로군보다 높았으며(p<0.05) 요중 마뇨산은 소음 유기용제 동시폭로군과 유기용제 폭로군이 소음폭로군보다 배설량이 더 많았다(p<0.05). 2. 주파수별 기도청력은 소음과 유기용제 동시 폭로군이 소음군보다 우측귀의 500Hz, 좌측귀의 500, 2000Hz에서 유의하게 더 높은 청력손실치를 나타내었고(p<0.05), 유기용제군과의 비교시에는 왼쪽귀 4000Hz에서 청력손실이 유의하게 더 높았다(p<0.05). 3. 조사 대상자 147명중 43명이 청력손실군에 해당되었으며 청력손실군의 연령이 42.6세로 정상군 38.0세 보다 더 높았으며 요중마뇨산 배설량도 유의하게 더 많았다(p<0.05). 4. 청력손실자는 소음군에서는 대상자의 38.7 $\%$(12명), 유기용제군 40.6 $\%$(13명), 소음과 유기용제 동시폭로군은 51.6 $\%$ (16명), 그리고 비폭로군은 3.8 $\%$(2명)의 빈도를 보였으며 비폭로군에 비해 폭로군에서 청력손실자가 많이 발생하였으나 폭로군 사이에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 5. 청력손실과 유의한 상관관계를 보이는 변수는 연령과 요중마뇨산 배설량이었으며, 유기용제로 인한 청력손실의 영향을 보기위해 연령을 보정하였을 때는 요중마뇨산 배설량만이 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). 6. 대조군과 폭로군사이의 청력손실에 대한 교차비에서는 비폭로군에 비해 소음폭로군은 6.1배(95 $\%$ CI,: 3.3-8.7),유기용제 폭로군은 7.4배(95 $\%$ CI,: 3.5-14.6) 그리고 동시폭로군은 1$\ulcorner$.2배(95 $\%$ Cl,: 5.31.8)로 더 켰다(p<0.01). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 유기용제 폭로 근로자에 대해서도 청력장애에 대한 건강진단이 실시되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.487-504
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• 1994

A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the effects of chronic low-dose solvent on neurobehavioral performance of 118 male car painters. A control group of 113 workers matched for age was selected from different sections of the factory. The mean age and the mean duration of employment were 33 years and 6.7 years in both groups. Mean years of education were 11.4 years in car painters and 11.8 years in controls. Each worker completed a medical and occupational questionnaire and four tests of Swedish performance evaluation system. These included simple reaction time, symbol digit, digit span and finger tapping speed. Althougth the mean duration of employment was 6.7 years, comparison of mean performance showed a significantly poorer performance on simple reaction time (p<0.05), symbol digit(p<0.01) and digit span(p<0.05) in car painters. In univariate analysis, age and educational level contributed to poorer performance on symbol digit and digit span. Smoking appeared to slow finger tapping speed in car painters. Performance of four tests of car painters exposed to high level of solvent was poorer than that of car painters exposed to low level. In multiple regression models, controlling for age, alcohol, smoking and shift work, solvent exposure was found to be associated with performance of simple reaction time, symbol digit and digit span and exposure to high level of solvent was related to poorer performance of symbol digit and digit span.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.87-103
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• 1995

Since being granted permission for self-assessment of the work environment by the Department of Labor in 1992, POSCO's Industrial Hygiene Laboratory has participated in domestic and Foreign Quality Control Programs 8 times and has obtained remarkable results. It has made a lot of effort to be a proficient laboratory with the ability to observe and analyse environmental monitoring data. The summary of results is as follows: 1. POSCO's Industrial Hygiene Laboratory has received a "P(Proficient)" grade from the round 115 to round 119 of AIHA/NIOSH PAT Program for analysis of such metals as lead, cadmium, zinc, and chromium, and also has received a "P(Proficient)" grade from its round 119 of for organic solvent analysis, i,e,. Trichloroethylene(TCE), Carbon Tetr-achloride(CTC), 1,2-Dichloroethane(DCE), 1,1,1-Trichloroethane(MCM), Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Chloroform(CFM), Benzene(BNZ), toluene(TOL), and O-xylene(OXY). 2. In the Quality Control Evaluation Program performed by the Industrial Health Research Institute,Korea Industrial Safety Corporation, POSCO has passed impressively in the3-metal analysis test for lead, cadmium, cupper, and in the 6 organic solvent analysis test for Benzene(BNZ), toluene(TOL), O-xylene(OXY), Trichloroethylene(TCE) and Methyl isobutyl keton(MIBK), n-Hexane with 2 standard deviations. These analytic techniques should be practically applied to various fields, and reliable results of environmental monitoring should be considered to improve the work environment and to keep workers from occupation related diseases.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 1994

활성탄관을 이용한 작업환경 공기중 유기용제의 시료채취는 여러 가지 어려운 점이 있으나 확산형 시료포집기는 이러한 점을 보완하는 새로운 포집기이다. 따라서 본 연구는 확산형 시료포집기가 혼합 유기용제를 사용하는 사업장을 대상으로 확산형 포집기와 활성탄관을 이용, 한 근로자에 대하여 동시에 각 1개씩, 총 181개의 시료를 포집하여 활성탄과 어떠한 차이가 있는 가를 확인하며, 고전적인 활성탄관 시료채취법을 대신할 수 있는 가를 확인하기 위하여 시도한 바 몇가지의 결과를 얻어 보고하는 바이다. 1. 활성탄관 시료포집기에 비하여 확산형의 시료포집기는 톨루엔(toluene), 키시렌(xylene) 등의 방향족 화합물은 다소 높은 농도를 나타내나 전반적으로 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 2. 엠이케이(methyl ethyl ketone)와 시크로헥사논(c-hexanone)에 대하여 확산형 포집기는 적어도 저농도(허용농도의 1/8 및 1/10 이하농도)에서 활성탄관에 비하여 약 2배 정도 높게 측정되었다(p<0.01). 그러나 공기중 엠이케이와 시크로헥사논의 농도가 증가함에 따라서 확산형의 포집효율은 활성탄관 보다 적은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 활성탄관의 측정치(B)를 1.00으로 하였을 때 확산형 포집기(A)의 측정치 비(A/B)는 톨루엔의 경우 1.11, 키시렌은 1.07, 엠이케이는 1.63, 시크로헥사논은 3.65배 였다. 4. 활성탄관과 확산형 포집기에서의 측정치 비가 0.75-1.25 범위(${\pm}25%$)에 드는 것은 톨루엔 57%, 키시렌 74%였으며, 엠이케이 34%, 시크로헥사논은 약 32%에 불과하였다. 5. 활성탄관과 확산형 포집기에서의 측정치 간의 각 유기용제 별 상관은 톨루엔 0.963, 키시렌 0.957, 엠이케이 0.943, 시크로헥사논은 0.562로서 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.130-140
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• 1999

Objectives: This study was carried out to estimate the magnitude of skin disease related to occupation and to find out the characteristics of it. Methods: We collected and analyzed the cases of occupational skin disease reported by surveillance system composed of doctors and nurses in 150 enterprises with dispensary or attacked hospital and physicians in 92 specific health examination institutes and 150 dermatologists from May to November, 1998. Results: Among members of surveillance system, 66 enterprises and 47 specific health examination institutes and 55 dermatologists reported 571 cases of occupational skin disease in 512 workers. Excepting 81 cases reported by dermatologists, We analyzed 490 cases reported by enterprises and specific health examination institutes. Among 490 cases, contact dermatitis was most common(368 cases, 75.1%) and the second was hyper or hypopigmentation(36 cases, 7.3%). When we analyzed the characteristics of workers with occupational contact dermatitis, male workers were 281 (79.2%) and female were 74(20.8%). 165 workers(64.5%) had chronic skin disease with repeated cure and relapse. 245 workers(72.5%) answered positively that their coworkers had similar skin disease. 27 workers(8.7%) experienced absence due to contact dermatitis related to occupation. To analyze the type of industries of workers with occupational contact dermatitis, automobile and trailer manufacturing industry was most common(105 cases, 29.6%) and the second was manufacturing industry for image, sound and communication equipment(55 cases, 15.5%). Organic solvent(183 cases, 46.7%) was the most common treating material of workers with contact dermatitis and the second was various kinds of chemicals(59cases, 15.1%). Conclusions: This is the first study using nationwide surveillance system to collect data of occupational skin disease. We found that many workers had skin disease related to occupation and characteristics of occupational skin disease were chronic and clustering. Therefore, we had to establish counterplan to manage occupational skin disease and to operate surveillance system to identify trends of occupational skin disease, continuously.