• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.233-244
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• 2012

Goseong bay, located in southeast sea of Korea with an area of 2,100 ha, is a semi-enclosed bay well-known for oyster farming cultured in an extended range of 148 ha. The objective of this study is to provide the fundamental data in order to manage the effective sea area. A total 26 of surface sediment were collected from Goseong bay to evaluate their sedimentary environment and heavy metals. The loss on Ignition (LOI), C/N ratio, acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and heavy metals were analyzed. loss on ignition (LOI) of surface sediment range from 1.00% to 3.03% (average 2.00%). The carbonate content ranges from 0.52% to 4.29% (average 2.37%). C/N ratio of organic matter showed that most part of organic matter comes from neighboring continent. Acid volatile sulfide (AVS) value of surface sediment from 0.02 mg/g to 1.43 mg/g (average 0.24 mg/g). A ten element of surface sediments (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) were calculated by enrichment factor (Ef) and the results show that some areas are highly polluted with respect Cu and Hg. The correlation matrix displays the existence of remarkable levels of correlation with both positive and negative values among different variable pairs. LOI and AVS showed both positive values. LOI and AVS values falls under 2% and 1%. Therefore, Goseong bay showed good in quality of sediment.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.436-443
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of Kakdugi made with mashed red pepper. With regard to the pH of the Kakdugi, those of the juice from Kakdugi with red pepper powder and of the liquid with mashed red pepper were the highest and lowest immediately after preparation, respectively, but thereafter both slightly decreased, but were similar after the fifth week. Generally, the total acidity of Kakdugi liquid was the higher than that of Kakdugi juice. With regard to the L value, that of the Kakdugi juice was higher than that of Kakdugi liquid and that of Kakdugi with mashed red pepper washigher than that of Kakdugi with red pepper powder. From the third week, the 'L' values of all samples generally decreased. The 'a' value of the Kakdugi liquid with mashed red pepper during fermentation was highest During early fermentation, the juice of Kakdugi with red pepper powder showed a higher value than that of Kakdugi with mashed red pepper, but conversely, from the second week that of Kakdugi with mashed red pepper was higher than that of Kakdugi with red pepper powder. The 'b' value of the juice from Kakdugi with red pepper powder was highest until the second week, but from the third week that of Kakdugi with mashed red pepper was highest. With respect to the organic acids contents, those of citric, quinic and malic acids decreased, but those of lactic and acetic acids increased during fermentation progression. In addition, the citric, lacticand malic acids contents of the Kakdugi with mashed red pepper werethe highest, whereas that of quinic acid of the Kakdugi with red pepper powder was the highest. From the forth week, the acetic acid content of the Kakdugi with mashed red pepper was further increased. As a result of the sensory test, Kakdugi with mashed red pepper showed significantly higher values with regard to redness and fresh flavor, but in overall acceptability in the QDA, appearance and taste in the acceptance test. Therefore, our results indicate that mashed red pepper particularly increased the 'a' value and organic acid contents of Kakdugi compared to those of red pepper powder, leading to an increased overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of physicochemical characteristics of Schizandra chinensis during postharvest ripening for 8 days at various temperatures. The juice yield of S. chinensis, which was 55.7% before postharvest ripening, was unchanged $(55.3{\pm}0.6-56.3{\pm}0.6%)$ at $4^{\circ}C$ storage, but was decreased at the level of 6 and 7% at $25^{\circ}C$ and room temperature (RT), respectively. During storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and RT, the titratable acidities of S. chinensis were the highest at $7.49{\pm}0.03$ and $7.20{\pm}0.03%$ after 6 days of postharvest ripening, respectively. During storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and RT, the soluble solid content of S. chinensis was increased from $8.2{\pm}0.1%$ at initial stage to a peak of $12.2{\pm}0.15%$ at 6-day storage, after which it decreased. L values (lightness) of S. chinensis were increased in all treatments during storage, and a values (redness) of $25^{\circ}C$ and RT treatments were increased from 5.04 initially to 6.77 and 7.65 at 8-day storage, respectively. The major free sugars of S. chinensis were fructose (0.55%), glucose (0.56%), and sucrose (0.50%). During storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and RT, the fructose and glucose contents were continually increased with increasing storage period, while the sucrose contents decreased after 6-day storage. Major non-volatile organic acids of S. chinensis were succinic (1.21%), citric (0.17%), and malic (0.07%) acids. Changes in the organic acids contents of S. chinensis at various temperatures showed a similar tendency to that of the free sugars. We estimated that the best conditions for the postharvest ripening of S. chinensis were 8 days at $4^{\circ}C$ storage, and 6 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and RT.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.605-617
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• 2015

The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a botanical biofiltration system that combines a green interior, biofiltering, and automatic irrigation to purify indoor air pollutants according to indoor space and the size of biofilter. This study was performed to compare the stability of air flow characteristics and removal efficiency (RE) of fine dust within a wall-typed (vertical) botanical biofilter depending on humidifying cycle and to investigate RE of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by the biofilter. The biofilter used in this experiment was designed as an integral form of water metering pump, water tank, blower, humidifier, and multi-level planting space in order to be suitable for indoor space utilization. As a result, relative humidity, air temperature, and soil moisture content (SMC) within the biofilter showed stable values regardless of three different humidifying cycles operated by the metering pump. In particular, SMCs were consistently maintained in the range of 27.1-29.7% during all humidifying cycles; moreover, a humidifying cycle of operating for 15 min and pausing for 45 min showed the best horizontal linear regression (y = 0.0008x + 29.09) on SMC ($29.0{\pm}0.2%$) during 120 hour. REs for number of fine dust (PM10) and ultra-fine dust (PM2.5) particles passed through the biofilter were in the range of 82.7-89.7% and 65.4-73.0%, respectively. RE for weight of PM10 passed through the biofilter was in the range of 58.1-78.9%, depending on humidifying cycle. REs of xylene, ethyl benzene, total VOCs (TVOCs), and toluene passed through the biofilter were in the range of 71.3-75.5%, while REs of benzene and formaldehyde (HCHO) passed through the biofilter were 39.7% and 44.9%, respectively. Hence, it was confirmed that the wall-typed botanical biofilter suitable for indoor plants was very effective for indoor air purification.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2013

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding herbaceous peat on growth performance and meat quality of Holstein beef cattle. Total of 20 Holstein beef cattle (18~20 month of age, $657{\pm}31kg$ body weight) were conventionally and separately fed a concentrate diet and rice straw for 134 days. The dietary treatments were randomly assigned by complete block design into four treatments, each of which were five heads in early fattening stage. The treatments in this study were the control group fed basal diet, feeding herbaceous peat group (5%/diet, T1), feeding coated vitamin C group (20g/head, T2) and feeding mixture of herbaceous peat and coated vitamin C group (5%/diet+20g/head, T3). The initial body weights between the groups of control, T1, T2 and T3 were similar showing with $689{\pm}31$, $661{\pm}24$, $659{\pm}32$ and $622{\pm}19kg$. The daily body weight gain was higher in T3 by 8.3% than that in the control (p<0.05). Glucose concentration in control group was the highest among treatments (p<0.05), but there was no significant differences between treatments on AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), BUN and total protein concentrations of blood. The fat content of sirloin in the T2 was significantly higher than control and T1 group (p<0.05). Meat color (CIE) values in T2 was the highest among treatments (p<0.05), and other treatments also increased those values. In overall, the feeding herbaceous peat and vitamin C to the Holstein beef cattle was considered to have positive effects on the growth performance of Holstein beef cattle. In addition, the effects on the performances of animals were more improved when fed herbaceous peat and vitamin C concurrently.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.843-859
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• 2017

The JK-1 isolate which was the best producer of indole-3-acetic acid and carotenoid among the 388 strains isolated from 28 wetlands in Jeju, was identified to be Rhodopseudomonas palustirs belongs to a typical group of non sulfur purple bacteria based on 16S sRNA sequencing. This study investigated the effect of different cultural conditions of pH, temperature, agitation, light and aeration on growth, IAA and carotenoid production of photosynthetic bacterium JK-1 for optimization of IAA and carotenoid production. It was found that growth, IAA, carotenoid, and bacteriochlorophyll production with light (3,000~3,500 Lux) and agitation (100 rpm) showed better results than those with dark/static or dark/agitation (100 rpm) in anaerobic conditions. The optimal pH, temperature and agitation speed for cell growth were 7, $30^{\circ}C$, 150 rpm, for IAA production were 9, $30^{\circ}C$, 150rpm and for carotenoid production were 6, $25^{\circ}C$, 50 rpm, cultured for 72 h under anaerobic light, respectively. The growth and IAA production were high in aerobic culture compared with anaerocic culture, whereas carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll content were decreased extremely in aerobic condition (0.5~1 vvm). Subsequently, the optimal culture conditions for JK-1 were selected with pH 7, $30^{\circ}C$ and 100 rpm under anaerobic light and the effect on plant growth was tested by pot assay. Inoculation of JK-1 with 3% (v/v) level caused increase in shoot and root dry weigh that varied from 20%~58% to 40%~28% in young radish in camparison to uninoculated treatment at 50 days of growth. The study suggests that the JK-1 isolate may serve as efficient biofertilizer inoculants to promote plant growth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.420-430
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the forest environmental factors(5 items) and physico-chemical properties of soil(13 items) on the growth of Pinus thunbergii stands. The 218 plots were sampled over the coastal district of the whole country. In statistical analysis, the explanatory variables were soil and environmental factors(18 items), and the response variable was the site index of Pinus thunbergii stands. Data computation was processed in order of preparation of original data, computation of inner correlation matrix table by correlation analysis, calculation of partial correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination, estimation of regression equation by stepwise begression analysis, and stepwise regression analysis by factor score of factor analysis. The main results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The site index in Pinus thunbergii stands way highly correlated with effective soil depth(r=0.8668), slope percentage, organic matter, and total nitrogen. 2. According to the coefficients by partial correlation analysis, effective soil depth(r=0.6270), slope percentage (r=-0.5423) and base saturation(r=0.3278) among environmental factors had a great effect on tree growth. 3. With stepwise regression analysis, the factors effecting on the Pinus thunbergii stands growth were effective soil depth, slope percentage, organic matter, base saturation, soil pH, content of silt, exchangeable Ca, and etc. 4. Estimation equation for the site index of Pinus thunbergii stands was given by $Y=13.2691+0.0242\;X_2-1.2244\;X_4+0.6142\;X_5-0.3472\;X_{11}+0.0355\;X_{13}+0.1552\;X_{15}-0.1002\;X_{17}$. The coefficient of determination for the estimation model was 0.77, which was significant at the 1 percent level. 5. In result of factor analysis by the environmental factors, principal components were 6 factors, and communality contribution percentage was 71.1 percent. 6. By stepwise regression analysis between factor score and site index of Pinus thunbergii stands, the factor group effecting on site index was 5 principal components. The coefficients of determination was 85 percent, which was significant at the 1 percent level. In conclusion, on the occasion of analizing which factors to effect on the tree height growth in Pinus thunbergii stands the stepwise regression analysis proved to be greatly significant. Also the management of Pinus thunbergii stands should be working by the above selected growth factors.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.118-126
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• 2012

In this study, two types of ozone generating experimental instrument were installed in commercial livestock manure fertilization facility, which can treat hundred tons of pig manure in a day. Gas samples to be treated were collected from the upper part of the liquid fertilization system and composting system of the commercial livestock manure fertilization facility. The gas sample was flowed to oxidation reactor through pipe line by suction blower, therefore, contacted with ozone. Ammonia and sulfur compounds of gas samples collected from the inlet and outlet point of the experimental instrument were analyzed. The oxidation effect by the contact with ozone was higher in sulfur compounds than ammonia. Ammonia content was reduced about 10% by ozone contact. Sulfur compounds, on the other hand, reduced significantly while treated with ozone. In case of gas sample collected from liquid fertilization system, the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) of inlet gas were 50.091, 4.9089, 27.8109 and 0.4683 ppvs, respectively. After oxidized by ozone, the concentrations of sulfur compounds were 1.2317, 0.3839, 14.7279 and 0.3145 ppvs, respectively. Another sample collected from aerobic composting system was oxidized in the same conditions. The concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS and DMDS of the sample collected from inlet point of the reactor were 40.6682, 1.3675, 24.2458 and 0.8289 ppvs, respectively. After oxidized, the concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS, and DMDS were reduced to 3.013, ND, 8.8998 and 0.3651 ppvs, respectively. By application of another type of ozone, the concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS and DMDS of inlet gas were reduced from 43.397, 1.4559, 3.6021 and 0.4061 to ND, ND, ND, and 0.21ppvs, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.63-74
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the variations of physico-chemical properties during the swine manure composting, sawdust as the bulking agent was composted at different points (Top layer, Side of middle layer, Bottom layer). Air suction system with constant bottom aeration in bench scale reactors (30 L). The highest temperature was reached in the range of $58^{\circ}C$ to $62^{\circ}C$ on $3^{rd}$ day and this thermophilic phase (> $50^{\circ}C$) was continued for 3 days in all the treatment mixtures. However, the temperature was gradually decreased to room temperature at the end of 60 day composting process. Except control, the discharged ammonia ($NH_3$) was a maximum in the treatment order of Top layer>Bottom layer>Side of middle layer as 500 ppm, 162 ppm and 120 ppm, respectively, on the $4^{th}$ day and showing that Top layer point Air suction produce much more ammonia content than the other point. During the composting process, the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was gradually increased due to the mass loss in the composting mixtures. At the same time, C/N ratio was decreased to Top layer, 13; Side of middle layer, 12 and Bottom layer, 13 at Air suction points. The significant reduction of C/N ratio in all different air suction system when manure was matured. The $NH_4-N$ to $NO_3-N$ ratio was recorded as 10.52 at the initial stage of the compost mixtures and reduced to 0.97 (Top layer), 0.70 (Side of middle layer), 3.2 (Bottom layer) because of manure decomposition. The overall results revealed that Top layer and Side of middle layer Air suction is a suitable option when compared other point for high quality composts.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.303-319
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• 2014

The study researched germination of the plants and growth of experimented bacteria according to concentration of water extract in order to provide basic data for developing natural agricultural resources by using naturalized plants including Solidago altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus and Sida spinosa. As concentration of water extract increased, most of test plants showed a decrease in relative germinability. Sida spinosa(r=-0.540, p<0.01), Physalis wrightii(r=-0.693, p<0.01), Amaranthus retroflexu(r=-0.724, p<0.01), Solidago altissima(r=-0.728, p<0.01) and Eclipta prostrata(r=-0.779, p<0.01) showed tendency of decrease in relative germinative power in order, respectively. For average germination period, as concentration of the processed group increased, the time for germination increased (r = 0.769, p<0.01) and according to donor plants and test plants, there was a little difference. Also, as concentration of water extract of donor plant, length of above-aerial part(r=-0.587, p<0.01), length of underground part(r=-0.741, p<0.01), fresh weight(r=-0.574, p<0.01) and generation of root hair decreased. An then, for growth of test fungi according to concentration of water extract of donor plants, growths of Botrytis cinerea(r=-0.266, p<0.05), Diaporthe citri(r=-0.323 p<0.01), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(r=-0.512, p<0.01), Pythiumultimum(r=-0.581, p<0.01) and Rhizoctonia solani(r=-0.806, p<0.01) were repressed in order, respectively. For total amount of content of phenol with herbicidal and Antifungal activities, S. altissima $17.3{\pm}0.5mg/g$, A. retroflexus $13.1{\pm}0.3mg/g$, P. wrightii $12.0{\pm}0.4mg/g$, S. spinosa $9.5{\pm}0.1mg/g$ and E. prostrata L. $4.1{\pm}0.1mg/g$ showed in order, respectively. As these results are summarized, donor plants which were naturalized, have competitive advantage because they release phenolic compounds with allelopathic effect and affect on germination, growth and fungi growth on underground flora compared to native plants and they have eligibility for natural herbicide and germicide.