• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.160-168
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the addition of vegetable oils on Fenton treatment of PAHs-contaminated soil. Fenton reaction can be proceeded in the soils contaminated with PHAs only in the presence of $H_2O_2$ because of Fe content in the soil. In this case, optimum $H_2O_2$ concentration was 3%. When 17.5 mM $FeSO_4$(III) was added with 3% $H_2O_2$, the removal rate was increased up to 25%, whereas 19% of PAHs was removed with $H_2O_2$ alone. The addition of 1% of olive oil to the contaminated soil before the Fenton reaction or simultaneously increased the removal rate about 15%, compared to the case of Fenton reaction only. There were no significant differences in the removal rates of PAHs, regardless of different kinds and concentration of oils. (olive oil, soybean oil, and used-vegetable oil). The used-vegetable oils were not different from the new, expensive oils in the removal rate, so their use will be desirable in saving the money. In addition of 1% of olive oil after the reaction of 3% $H_2O_2$ and 2.5 mM $FeSO_4$(III), the removal rates of 3~4 and 5~6 ring compounds were increased 13% and 17%, respectively, compared to the case of Fenton reaction only.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.139-150
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• 2006

Landfilling is one of the most widely used methods for the final disposal of solid wastes. Landfilled wastes are degraded by residing microorganisms and the microbial degradation is affected by many factors such as moisture, oxygen, pH, alkalinity, sulphate, nutrient, temperature, and so on. Especially among these factor, oxygen and moisture within aerobic landfill play a major role in microbial degradation. In this study, 1) the effects of oxygen on the velocity of waste degradation and 2) the effect of moisture on the degradation of municipal solids waste (MSW) in aerobic condition were investigated. It was found that the BOD and CODcr concentration from the leachate of aerobic lysimeters dropped faster by 80 days after the start of the test compared to those from the anaerobic lysimeters. To see the effect of moisture, four aerobic lysimeters filled with MSW and four different levels of moisture (20, 30, 40, and 50%) were installed. From this test, higher moisture in MSW produced higher $CO_2$ concentration, meaning moisture was effective for the microbial degradation. thus, we concluded that higher moisture level in the aerobic landfill might help early-stabilization microbial degradation.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2001

To study the possibility of agricultural utilization of seafood processing wastewater sludges, the change of temperature, decreasing ratio of weight generation quantity of $CO_2$ and $NH_3$, and contents of inorganic elements for composting by adding different rates of zeolite and livestock manure to seafood processing wastewater sludges were investigated. Changes of temperature, decreasing ratio of total weight and generation quantity of $CO_2$ were not little different with increasing addition rates of zeolite for composting. But the less addition quantity of livestock manure is, the higher were temperature and decreasing ratio weight for composting. Ceneration quantity of $NH_3$ in composting materials as adding zeolite ti 5, 10 and 20% and livestock manure to 50, 65 and 80% were 68, 61 and $46mg/kgvs{\cdot}hr$, respectively, for composting periods. So, $NH_3$ generated little quantity as much as possible addition of zeolite and manure. Contents of T-C and T-N little decreased and C/N ratio little increased after composting than before. Content of $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, CaO also increased a little, that of MgO is not different and that of Mn decreased very sharply in all conditions after composting than before.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

We conducted an analysis by comparing the nutritional contents of Auricularia auricula-judae(black), Auricularia polytricha and Auricularia auricula-judae (brown). In nutritional contents of three strains of Auricularia spp., four free sugars, seven organic acids and 24 amino acids were detected. Auricularia auricula-judae (black) was highly contained free sugar, organic acid and amino acid. There was the most prevalent Vitamin $D_2$ content in Auricularia auricula-judae (black) of Auricularia spp. Dietary fiber of three strains showed contents of about 60% but were not significantly different. ${\beta}$-glucan contents of Auricularia auricula-judae (brown) contained the highest contents with $25.21{\pm}0.37%$ and showed significant differences between Auricularia polytricha and Auricularia auricula-judae (black). Total polyphenol contents of Auricularia polytricha showed the highest contents, followed by Auricularia auricula-judae (brown) and Auricularia auricula-judae (black).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.197-208
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to provide basic data for efficient vermicomposting of swine manure by investigating the effect of sawdust mix on growth and reproduction of earthworms, amount of earthworm cast produced, and its chemical composition when mixing swine manure in different levels (0(SSD0), 10(SSD10), 20(SSD20), 30(SSD30), and 40%(SSD40)) with sawdust commonly used as moist control in manure composting. The C/N ratio of the feed and the survival rate of earthworms for the SSD0 treatment (10.19, 35.2%), The C/N ratio of the feed was 11.09-16.44 and increased with higher level of sawdust mixed, and the survival rate of earthworms during the experiment period was 35.2-100%. The number of earthworms was 16.6 in the SSD40 treatment, and young worms were not found in the SSD0 treatment or the treatment with less than 30% sawdust in the mix. The number and the weight of cocoons in SSD30 and SSD40 treatments were found to be in the ranges of 23.8-59.8 and 256-660 mg respectively. The production of earthworm cast and digested amount were higher with the higher level of mixed sawdust (p<0.05), and the C/N ratio of cast increased with the mixed sawdust ratio, being significantly higher ratio in SSD30 and SSD40 than other treatments (p<0.05). Heavy metals content tended to decrease with the mixed sawdust level. To summarize, the higher level of mixed sawdust was associated with improvement in growth and reproduction of earthworms, and 30-40% sawdust mix in particular could result in efficient vermicomposting.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.373-378
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• 1993

A rapid gas chromatographic profiling method for the simultaneous analysis of free fatty and other acids was applied to vegetable oils. Oil samples were dissolved in dichloromethane and the free acids were extracted with saturated $NaHCO_3$ solution. The aqueous extract was acidified and then loaded onto the Chromosorb P column for the extraction. The acids were eluted with diethyl ether selectively from Chromosorb P column and were treated with triethylamine to prevent the losses of volatile acids. Several long chain fatty acids were detected from soybean oil, rice-bran oil, sesame oil and perilla oil. Various organic acids including odd number fatty acids were detected in crude oil, especially sesame oil. Arachidic acid from perilla oil and vanillic acid from sesame oil, which were not reported before were detected. The content ratio of free linoleic acid to oleic acid was $1.02{\sim}1.18$, which was similar to the reported data. When the GC profile of organic acids were simplified to their corresponding retention index spectra of bar graphical forms, they presented characteristic pattern of each vegetable oil that can be quickly recognized.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.408-413
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• 2006

The domestic grape cultivar Campbell Early has high levels of both malic acid and tartaric acid. Therefore, the processing of wine made from Campbell Early must include decreasing the acidity. Six different methods were tested for reducing excess acidity: traditional vinification, precipitation, cold stabilization, malolactic fermentation (MLF), carbonic maceration and cold fermentation. Wines had higher pH values and lower total acidity than control after all the processing methods except cold stabilization. With regard to the measured organic acid content, the control contained 2,927 ppm tartaric acid, 2,421 ppm malic acid and 486 ppm lactic acid, but the precipitated wine contained 2,346 ppm tartaric acid. The MLF wine contained 828 ppm malic acid and 2,394 ppm lactic acid. Wine after carbonic maceration contained 792 ppm malic acid and cold fermentation decreased the organic acid contents in general. Sensory analysis showed that the carbonic maceration and precipitation methods resulted in wines that were excellent in color, flavor, taste and overall preference.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of yucca extract on the flavor development in Chungkookjang fermented by Bacrillus sp. b01. The changes in the contents of amino-type N, ammonia type N, volatile compounds and organic acids, and those in the activities of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and protease were also determined with aging period. The amount of amino-type N increased gradually with time and was slightly higher in Chungkookjang containing yucca extract than in control. The content of ammonia-type N in Chungkookjang decreased by the addition of yucca extract. During aging, a little higher amylase activity was detected in Chungkookjang containing yucca extract. However, the amylase activity was the lowest in Chungkookjang containing 1 mg/g of yucca extract. The protease activity was slightly higher in Chungkookjang containing yucca extract. The organic acids, such as citrate, acetate, malate, fumarate, and succinate, were detected. The yucca extract reduced the production of tetramethylpyrazine which was responsible for the unpleasant odor, but enhanced the production of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine which contributed to the taste. Sensory evaluation showed that the addition of yucca extract of 0.5 mg/g significantly improved the flavor and taste of products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.280-289
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• 2015

Anaerobic digestion is an efficient and renewable energy technology that can produce biogas from a variety of biomasses such as animal manure, food waste and plant residues. In developing countries this technology is widely used for the production of biogas using local biomasses, but there is little information about the value of these biomasses for energy production. This study was therefore carried out with the objective of estimating the biogas production potential of typical Vietnamese biomasses such as animal manure, slaughterhouse waste and plant residues, and developing a model that relates methane ($CH_4$) production to the chemical characteristics of the biomass. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) and biomass characteristics were measured. Results showed that piglet manure produced the highest $CH_4$ yield of 443 normal litter (NL) $CH_4kg^{-1}$ volatile solids (VS) compared to 222 from cows, 177 from sows, 172 from rabbits, 169 from goats and 153 from buffaloes. Methane production from duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza) was higher than from lawn grass and water spinach at 340, 220, and 110.6 NL $CH_4kg^{-1}$ VS, respectively. The BMP experiment also demonstrated that the $CH_4$ production was inhibited with chicken manure, slaughterhouse waste, cassava residue and shoe-making waste. Statistical analysis showed that lipid and lignin are the most significant predictors of BMP. The model was developed from knowledge that the BMP was related to biomass content of lipid, lignin and protein from manure and plant residues as a percentage of VS with coefficient of determination (R-square) at 0.95.This model was applied to calculate the $CH_4$ yield for a household with 17 fattening pigs in the highlands and lowlands of northern Vietnam.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various fertilizers on the growth and yield of tree peony Moutan cortex RADICIS from 1990 to 1994. The paeonol content, a main medical ingredient of tree peony, was 0.5% in the control, and the contents of the chemical fertilizer(N-P-K) and the two-kind compound fertilizer treatments were $0.26{\sim}0.41%$, and those were lower than $0.40{\sim}0.45$ of the compost, the fowl dropping manure and the organic fertilizer treatments. The weights off dry root(radix) rind were increased by 42% in the fowl dropping manure treatment and by 49% in the compost treatment compared with 151kg/10a in the control. All things considered, compost, fowl dropping manure and organic fertilizer were more effective than chemical fertilizers for the culture of tree peony.