• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 1997

Tomato (lycopersicon esculentum Mill.‘Sunroad’) seedlings grafted onto the four different rootstocks, ‘Anchor-T’, ‘Kagemushia’, ‘Joint’ and ‘Vulcan’, and fed with different amount of nitrogen were investigated for their susceptibility to the root rot Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. lycopersici Snyder et Hansen, race J$_3$) disease, plant growth, and fruit quality. The flowering of the first flower cluster was promoted in grafted plants (GP) as compared to non-grafted (NG) ones. The plant height was increased by the grafting, and the growth and stem diameter were enhanced with increased nitrogen levels. Grafted plants were little affected by the Fusarium wilt disease except ‘Anchor-T’rootstock (64.7％ infection). The rate of malformed, underdeveloped, and gray-mold infected fruits were reduced in the grafted plants regardless of the rootstocks. Soluble solid content, sugars, ascorbic acids and organic acids did not show any difference between grafted and non grafted plants, but ascorbic acid tends to be reduced in the high nitrogen treatment. Content of N, Ca and Mg in leaves were greatly increased in the GP grown with high nitrogen level (30kg.㏊$^{-1}$ ).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.74-85
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• 2015

Recently, the number of anaerobic digestion facility for livestock manure is on the rise in Korea. All of the livestock manure anaerobic digestion facilities in operation use pig manure slurry as a substrate for anaerobic digestion. Generally, pig manure slurry is composed of 97% water and 3% solids. The particulate matter, such as corn in the form of particles that is undigested by pig is contained in the pig manure slurry. Particulate matter is a factor reducing the effectiveness of biogas production in the anaerobic digestion process. In this study, mechanical grinding treatment was applied to analyze the effect of methane production from pig manure slurry by reducing the particle size of the slurry. On the other hand, the effect of the solid concentration levels on methane production and methane content of the biogas was analyzed. The fine particle concentration in the pig manure slurry was increased by the mechanical grinding treatment. And methane production and methane content of the biogas were higher in grinded pig manure slurry than untreated raw slurry.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Anaerobic digestion is the most feasible technology because not only the energy embedded in organic matters can be recovered, but also they are stabilized while being degraded. This study carried out to improve methane yield of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment sludge cake by the thermal pre-treatment prior to anaerobic digestion.METHODS AND RESULTS: Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment sludge cake was pre-treated by the closed hydrothermal reactor at reaction temperature of 190℃. BMPs (Biochemical methane potential) of the thermal hydrolysate was tested in the different S(Substrate)/I(Inoculum) ratio conditions. COD(Chemical oxygen demand) and SCOD(Soluble chemical oxygen demand) contents of thermal hydrolysate were 10.99% and 10.55%, respectively, then, the 96.00% of COD was remained as a soluble form. The theoretical methane potential of thermal hydrolysate was 0.51 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added. And BMPs were decreased from 0.56 to 0.22 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added when S/I ratio were increased from 0.1 to 2.0 in the VS content basis. Those were decreased from 0.32 to 0.13 Nm³ kg^-1-COD_added when S/I ratio were increased from 0.1 to 2.0 based on COD content. The anaerobic degradability of VS basis have showed 196.9%, 102.2%, 80.7%, 67.4%, and 39.4% in S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively. Also the COD of 119.6%, 76.3%, 70.1%, 69.0%, and 43.1% were degraded anaerobically in S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively.CONCLUSION: BMPs obtained in the S/I ratios of 0.1 and 0.3 was overestimated by the residual organic matters remaining at the inoculum. And inhibitory effect was observed in the highest S/I ratio of 2.0. The optimum S/I ratios giving reasonable BMPs might be in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 in S/I ratio. Therefore VS biodegradability of thermal hydrolysate was in 67.4-80.7% and COD biodegradability showed 69.0-70.1%.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.65-74
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• 2002

This Study was investigated operating condition of pyrolysis processing for sludge disposal in sewage treatment plant. Important parameters studied include running time of pyrolysis, run time of dry and pyrolysis processing, water content of sewage sludge, solids amount of sewage sludge(TS%), condition of pyrolysis temperature. Most degradation reaction of sewage sludge are first order, it assumed first order and elucidated the kinetics. This was the basis of characteristics analysis of sludge degradation mechanism. Also, with the increasing of temperature, how the yield of oil and char product change was observed, and the distribution of gas product components was observed. Main components of gas and carbon product are a little difference with pyrolysis temperature, but it consist of $CH_4$, $C_2H_4$, $C_3H_8$, $C_4H_{10}$, toluene, $C_6H_6$, $SO_2$, CO etc. The gas of $C_1-C_4$ yield increased along with degradation temperature of $670^{\circ}C$ and oil yield decreased of $C_6H_6$ and $C_6H_5OH$ with temperature of $600^{\circ}C$. Particularly, low value added char yield 134kg/t at $670^{\circ}C$, but increased to 194kg/t at pyrolysis temperature of $600^{\circ}C$. In the result of elementary analysis on it, it is mainly composed of carbon. From this fact, in pyrolysis of sludge, it comfirmed that carbonization reaction occur at high temperature well.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to estimate the degradation rate and process efficiency of the composting according to the salinity concentration. The samples of food waste for this study were collected in Pocheon-Gun, Kyungki-Do. The collected samples were adjusted to the optimum range of moisture content, pH and C/N ratio. After that, adding the saline, the samples with 3 different salinity concentrations(1%, 5% and 10%) were made. Then each sample was fed into the reactor with temperature controller. During the aerobic composting process, the change of the physical and chemical properties of the sample as temperature, pH, C/N ratio and $CO_2$ and $O_2$ concentration in the reactor were measured. From the experiment of this study, the result are following. The highest temperatures are $59^{\circ}C$ at RUN 1(1% salinity conc.), $49^{\circ}C$ at RUN 2(5% salinity conc.) and $45^{\circ}C$ at RUN 3(10% salinity conc.). The change of $CO_2$ production and $O_2$ consumption have the positive correlation with the change of the temperature. $CO_2$ production and $O_2$ consumption are peaked at the low salinity concentration. During composting, Run 1, RUN 2 and RUN 3 are increased pH to 8.9, 8.6 and 7.2 and slowly decreased C/N ratio to 18.9, 19.1 and 22.1 and moisture content to 51.1%, 53.7% and 55.0%, respectively. It is supposed that increasing salinity concentration causes the retarding of the microbial degradation activities during the composting. And for the efficient composting, the salinity concentration in the sample hat to be maintained below 5%.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2006

The objective of this research is to evaluate various reclamation methods of sewage sludge cake after treating with microwave under optimum conditions. In this study the sewage sludge cakes used from S and N wastewater treatment plants in the P city. Microwave with an induced electricity heating way was employed for dehydration of sewage sludge cake. Microwave operation conditions is 2,450 MHz of frequency and the power with 1 to 4 kW. This sewage sludge cake had a moisture content of 70%. The moisture content of the sludge decreased notable up to 2%(wt) resulted in breaking of cell wall. When the treated sewage sludge cake mixed with soils could be applied to use midterm and last cover material soils. Moreover, the adsorption ability of heavy metals such as copper, lead, chromium and cadmium was greatly enhanced by treated sewage sludge cake. Within 30 minutes, 1ppm of copper, chromium and cadmium and 10ppm of lead with 1g of the treated sewage sludge cake in $100m{\ell}$ were below detection. It was possible to use the treated sewage sludge cake as an absorbent for absorption of toxic heavy metals. Results from this research indicated that using of microwave radiation was an effective method for treating sewage sludge cake economically and environmental. A point of view of reclamation, the treated sewage sludge cake appeared to be feasible with an adsorption of heavy metals in steady of using expensive yellow earth.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.5-14
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• 2020

This study aims to survey the effect of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) treatment for pH adjustment with 6.5 and 7.0 regarding ammonia volatilization on chemical content change in the aerobic liquefying process of co-digesate swine manure and apple pomace. The digestates of swine manure was aerated with 0.3 ㎥ air/㎥·min for 60 days. The untreated digestate showed the increased pH and decreased contents of electrical conductivity (EC) and total nitrogen (T-N). The untreated digestate had a high concentration of NH₃ with 172.6 mg/L, but, ammonia (NH₃) concentration of H₂SO₄-treated digestate was significantly lower than that of untreated digestate. The H₂SO₄-untreated digestate for retaining aeration showed a decreased concentration of 47.2% of ammonium nitrogen. While, the H₂SO₄-treated digestate had a high concentration of ammonium nitrogen compared to the untreated digestate. Also, the H₂SO₄ treatment affected to increase the contents of nitrogen and phosphoric acid content. Therefore, the pH adjustment with H₂SO₄ might be a useful method for the decreased ammonia concentration and nitrogen maintenance in the aerobic liquefying process of swine manure digesate.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 2005

A rapid, selective and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of glipizide in human serum was validated and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of glipizide. Glipizide and internal standard, tolbutamide, were extracted from human serum by liquid-liquid extraction with benzene and analyzed on a Nova Pak $C_{18}\;60{\AA}$ column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10 mM, pH 3.5) (4:6, v/v). Detection wavelength of 275 nm and flow rate of 0.7 ml/min were fixed for the study. The assay robustness for the changes of mobile phase pH, organic solvent content, and flow rate was confirmed by $3^3$ factorial design using a fixed glipizide concentration (500 ng/ ml) with respect to its peak area and retention time. And also, the ruggedness of this method was investigated at three different laboratories using same quality control (QC) samples. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 10-1000 ng/ml with correlation coefficient greater than 0.999. The lower limit of quantitation using 0.5 ml of serum was 10.0 ng/ml, which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. The overall accuracy of the quality control samples ranged from 82.6 to 105.0% for glipizide with overall precision (% C.V.) being 1.13-13.20%. The percent recovery for human serum was in the range of 85.2 93.5%. Stability studies showed that glipizide was stable during storage, or during the assay procedure in human serum. The peak area and retention time of glipizide were not significantly affected by the changes of mobile phase pH, organic solvent content, and flow rate under the conditions studied. This method showed good ruggedness (within 15% C.V.) and was successfully used for the analysis of glipizide in human serum samples for the pharmacokinetic studies at three different laboratories, demonstrating the suitability of the method.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.437-443
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• 2005

A rapid, selective and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of a major metabolite of terfenadine, fexofenadine, in human serum was developed, validated, and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of terfenadine. Fexofenadine and internal standard, haloperidol were extracted from human serum by liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile and analyzed on a $Symmetry^{TM}$ C8 column with the mobile phase of 1% triethylamine phosphate (pH 3.7)-acetonitrile (67:33, v/v, adjusted to pH 5.6 with triethylamine). Detection wavelength of 230 nm for excitation, 280 nm for emission and flow rate of 1.0 mL/min were fixed for the study. The assay robustness for the changes of mobile phase pH, organic solvent content, and flow rate was confirmed by $3^{3}$ factorial design using a fixed fexofenadine concentration (50 ng/mL) with respect to its peak area and retention time. In addition, the ruggedness of this method was investigated at three different laboratories using same quality control (QC) samples. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 10-500 ng/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The lower limit of quantification using 0.5 mL of serum was 10 ng/mL, which was sensitive enough for the pharmacokinetic studies of terfenadine. The overall accuracy of the quality control samples ranged from 95.70 to 114.58% for fexofenadine with overall precision (% C.V.) being 3.53-14.39%. The relative mean recovery of fexofenadine for human serum was 90.17%. Stability studies (freeze-thaw, short-term, extracted serum sample and stock solution) showed that fexofenadine was stable during storage, or during the assay procedure in human serum. However, the storage at $-70^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks showed that fexofenadine was not stable. The peak area and retention time of fexofenadine were not significantly affected by the changes of mobile phase pH, organic solvent content, and flow rate under the conditions studied. This method showed good ruggedness (within 15% C.V.) and was successfully used for the analysis of fexofenadine in human serum samples for the pharmacokinetic studies of orally administered Tafedine tablet (60 mg as terfenadine) at three different laboratories, demonstrating the suitability of the method.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2005

A rapid, selective and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of etodolac in human serum was developed, validated, and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of etodolac. Etodolac and internal standard, ibuprofen were extracted from human serum by liquid-liquid extraction with hexane/isopropanol (95:5, v/v) and analyzed on a Luna C18(2) column with the mobile phase of 1% aqueous acetic acid-acetonitrile (4:6, v/v). Detection wavelength of 227 nm and flow rate of 1.0 mL/min were fixed for the study. The assay robustness for the changes of mobile phase pH, organic solvent content, and flow rate was confirmed by $3^3$ factorial design using a fixed etodolac concentration $(1\;{\mu}g/mL)$ with respect to its peak area and retention time. And also, the ruggedness of this method was investigated at three different laboratories using same quality control (QC) samples. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of $0.05-40\;{\mu}g/mL$ with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The lower limit of quantification using 0.5 mL of serum was 0.05 ${\mu}g/mL$, which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. The overall accuracy of the quality control samples ranged from 92.00 to 110.00% for etodolac with overall precision (% C.V.) being 1.08-10.11%. The percent recovery for human serum was in the range of 76.73-115.30%. Stability studies showed that etodolac was stable during storage, or during the assay procedure in human serum. The peak area and retention time of etodolac were not significantly affected by the changes of mobile phase pH, organic solvent content, and flow rate under the conditions studied. This method showed good ruggedness (within 15% C.V.) and was successfully used for the analysis of etodolac in human serum samples for the pharmacokinetic studies of orally administered Lodin XL tablet (400 mg as etodolac) at three different laboratories, demonstrating the suitability of the method.