• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.465-468
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• 1992

Urinary purine derivatives and creatinine excretion was measured in a total of 4 white Alpine sheep. They were given diets 718 to 1060 g/kg dry matter (DM) of roughage. The crude protein content of this diets was on average $93.87{\pm}5.57g$ in kg DM. Purine derivatives-N excretion increased linearly with incremental DM intake and was significantly correlated (n = 16) with amounts of digestible organic matter (DOM) intake: allantoin-N (mg) = 1.205 (${\pm}0.070$) $\times$ DOM (g) - 136.709 (${\pm}37.399$), r = 0.9770, RSD = 22.97; uricacid-N (mg) = 0.131 (${\pm}0.041$) $\times$ DOM (g) + 11.380 (${\pm}21.881$), r = 0.6306, RSD = 13.44; Hypoxanthine-N (mg) = 0.049 (${\pm}0.014$) $\times$ DOM (g) - 28.640 (${\pm}7.708$), r = 0.6544, RSD = 4.73; total purine derivatives-N (mg) = 1.385 (${\pm}0.083$) $\times$ DOM (g) - 90.261 (${\pm}44.552$), r = 0.9706, RSD = 27.47. Microbial protein synthesis per kg DOM was estimated of 113 g. The urinary creatinine-N excretion was on average 9.10 mg/kg live weight (LW) with a standard error of 0.12 mg creatinine-N per kg LW. The excretion of creatinine excreton was not related to feed intake. Daily creatinine excretion (mg/d) was calculated from individual LW measurements and the average creatinine excretion (mg/kg LW). It was possible to predict the daily urinary purine derivatives excretion (r = 0.9720 for allantoin, r = 0.9886 for total purine derivatives) from the ratio of purine derivatives (mg/100 ml) and creatinine (mg/100 ml) in the urine and the daily creatinine excretion.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.469-473
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• 2013

Livestock manure is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter for plant. Thus, livestock manure compost is commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in many countries. However, contaminated or inadequate manure compost can give negative effect to soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to investigate the survival difference of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in chicken and pig manure compost under the selected environmental conditions. Commercially available manure compost (pig, chicken) was inoculated with S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Manure compost was incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ and consistent moisture content. Samples had been collected during 200 days depending on the given conditions. S. enterica survived for 130 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for 120 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. It is noted that the number of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes gradually decreased over time. The results indicate that S. enterica survived longer than L. monocytogenes in manure compost at $25^{\circ}C$. S. enterica and L. monocytogenes survived longer in chicken manure compost than in pig manure compost. Increased knowledge of pathogen behavior in agricultural environments is a valuable part of future work on improving risk evaluations and, in a longer perspective, in providing data for guidelines regarding safe handling of pathogen-contaminated manure compost and soil.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.79-89
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• 2017

Changes in pH, EC and water soluble cation and anion of the bed material in the rearing box of earthworms were investigated while sewage sludges or night soil sludge were cumulatively supplied to the 15 grams of initial earthworm population in the rearing box. Initial biochemical properties of sludges such as pH, EC, V.S. and water content were at the edible levels for earthworm. However, as the cumulative amount of sludges supplied to the earthworms were increased, pH of bed material in the rearing box was lowered and EC was increased, which meant that salt contents of bed material in the rearing box had been accumulated. Water soluble cations and anions were also accumulated in the bed material of the rearing box. Accumulation rates of ${NO_3}^-$ were especially prominent. Consequently, feeding rates of earthworm populations were reduced to nearly zero and earthworm populations finally died.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1997

The effect of levulinic acid (LA) and biosynthetic precursors of ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on the production of extracellular ALA was examined for the cells of soil derived Rhodospirillum rubrum N-1 belonged to the genus Rhodospirillaceae. The extracellular yield of ALA was increased to 23 fold (45 mg/l) from the basal condition (Lascelles' medium without L-glutamate) by successive addition of LA at initial (10 mM) and mid-log stage (30 mM) of cell cultivation. In addition to initial/mid-log mutual supplementations of LA (10 mM/30 mM) and glutamate (30/30 mM), respectively, by means of alternative feeding 10 mM $C_4$-precursors at mid-log phase of culture the extracellular ALA content was reached to 75 mg/l (40 fold).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.19-32
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• 2018

This study has been carried out to analyze the effects of leachate recirculation on methane gas concentration in the Landfill. The monthly average on precipitation of the landfill area during the period from 2010 to 2016 has been recorded at 130.9 mm and the total precipitation was recorded at 73.7 mm for the month of June in 2017. And based on the Korea meterological administration data obtained, the water content has been anticipated to be at low level. And for the control environment testing on the effects of leachate recirculation, the reading has been carried out in relation to the methane gas concentration with the landfill site tested with average reading of 30.14%. Once the reading has been established 5 tones of leachate has been injected and the readings carried out respectively with the first reading recorded at 24.66% on June with subsequent readings carried out, 31.51 (6/24), 36.88% (7/1) and final reading carried out on 7/25 registered at 52.47%. Based on the leachate recirculation, the test showed increase of methanate concentrations with the concentration percentage showing between 50~65%.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.16-25
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• 2019

Anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed by the incomplete combustion of fuels and industrial waste. PAHs can be widely exposed to the environment (water, soil and groundwater). PAHs are potentially toxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic. Fundamental studies such as biota uptake (e.g., earthworm and plant) of PAHs are highly needed. It is necessary to develop alternative ways to evaluate bioavailability of PAHs instead of using living organisms because it is time-consuming, difficult to apply in the field, and also exaction method is tedious and time-consuming. In this study, sorption behaviors of phenanthrene were evaluated to predict the fate of PAHs in soils. Moreover, bioaccumulation of PAHs in an artificially contaminated soil was evaluated using pea plant (Pisum sativum) as a bioindicator. A novel passive sampler, organic-diffusive gradient in thin-film (o-DGT) for PAHs was newly synthesized, tested as a biomimic surrogate and compared with plant accumulation. Sorption partitioning coefficient (K_P) and sorption capacity (K_F) were in the order of natural soil > loess corresponding to the increase in organic carbon content (f_oc). Biota-to-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) and DGT-to-soil accumulation factor (DSAF) were evaluated. o-DGT uptake was linearly correlated with pea plant uptake of phenanthrene in contaminated soil (R²=0.863). The Tenax TA based o-DGT as a biomimic surrogate can be used for the prediction of pea plant uptake of phenanthrene in contaminated soil.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.49-58
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• 2008

This research was carried out to use green tea leaves powder for scavenging effects of volatile organic compounds on the UV varnishes and adhesives of fancy cherry veneer overlaid on the PF resin bonded Meranti plywood. The results are as follows: 1) Green tea leaves contained 9.85% of polyphenol compounds. 2) FT-IR results showed green tea leaves had effects to react with benzaldehyde and ethyl hexyl alcohol to form a chemical bond. 3) 2.5% of green tea leaves powder content was proper for scavenging effect on the UV varnishes and adhesives of fancy veneer overlaid on the PF resin bonded plywood 4) 20 liters small chamber test indicated excellent emission speed results such as $0.089mg/m^2hr$ of TVOC and $0.001mg/m^2hr$ of HCHO (on 7th day), as compared with standard (less than $0.1mg/m^2hr$ of TVOC and $0.015mg/m^2hr$ of HCHO emission are the excellent grade).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.387-396
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• 2003

A field study was conducted during the summer time of 2002 to determine compositions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from vehicles and to develop source emission profiles that is applied to CMB model to estimate the source contribution of certain area. Source emission profile is widely used for the estimation of source contribution by the chemical mass balance model and have to be developed applicable for the target area of estimation. This study was aimed to develop source emission profile and estimation of source contribution of VOCs after application of the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. After considering the emission inventory and other research results for the VOCs in Seoul, Korea, the sources like vehicle emission (tunnel), gas station (gasoline, diesel), solvent usage (painting operation, dry cleaning, graphic art), and gas fuels were selected for the major VOCs sources. Furthermore, ambient air samples were simultaneously collected from 09:00 to 11:00 for four days at eight different official air quality monitoring sites as receptors in Seoul during summer of 2001. Source samples were collected by canisters, and then about seventy volatile organic compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Based on both the developed source profiles and the database of the receptors, CMB model was intensively applied to estimate mass contribution of VOCs sources. Examining the source profile from the vehicle, the portion of alkanes of VOCs was highest, and then the portion of aromatics such toluene, m/p-xylene were followed. In case of gas fuel. they have their own components; the content of butane, propane, ethane was higher than any other component according to the fuel usage. The average of the source apportionment on VOCs for 8 sites showed that the major sources were vehicle emission and gas fuels. The vehicle emission source was revealed as having the highest contribution with an average of 49.6%, and followed by solvent with 21.3%, gas fuel with 16.1%, gasoline with 13.1%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1997

For the labor-saving cultivation of barley in rice-barley double cropping system in paddy field, a series of expriments on the effect of rice straw application were carried out at the National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station from 1992 to 1993. The affection of phenol compounds released from fresh rice straw could be lessened when seeded under rice straw in the soil and that made emergence rate increase by 11％, compared with that on application on the rice straw. Although utilization of rice straw as an organic material caused the poor growth of barley in early stage, it could be enhanced the culm breaking strength. On this reason, affected by rice straw, grain yield was increased from 8％ in common barley and up to 20％ in malting barley. The more nitrogen, CaO$_2$2 and SiO$_2$ applied, the more decomposition of rice straw accelerated from 2％ to 6.9％. On the application of rice straw as an organic material in malting barely cultivation, the content of crude protein was decreased while 1,000-grain-weight and grain assortment was increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1065-1070
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• 1998

Lactic acid bacteria KL 1, KD 6, KL 4 strains isolated from kimchi, or obtained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides with and without yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were inoculated in fruit vegetable juice for mixed culture fermentation 3 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$, and then their chemical changes were studied during fermentation. The amount of organic acid produced by the mixed culture fermentation of KL 1 and yeast was 0.82%(3 days) or 0.58%(1 day) and with the final pH of 3.3(3 days) or 4.2(1 day). These mixed culture systems of isolated strains or other bacterial strains had almost similar results of growth rate and acid production. The contents of vitamin C and carotene were retained and stabilized as 70~80% level of their initial values after 24 hrs fermentation. And also ethanol was produced as of the range in 9.6mg%(W/V) by the mixed culture fermentation of KL 1 and yeast, however, the content of ethanol in single culture fermentation by KL 1 strain was much lower than that of mixed culture. The major components of organic acids in fermented juice by mixed culture were considered as malic(26.0%), lactic(49.9%), succinic and citric acid, whereas these of unfermented juice were malic(53.2%), citric and other acids. On other hand, reducing sugar was decreased from 18.3mg/ml in fresh juice to about 12mg/ml in juice by mixed culture fermentation. Concentrations of fructose, glucose and sucrose were also greatly reduced in fermented juice.