• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.257-261
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• 2003

Chemical components relevant to the characteristic antimicrobial activities of the Korean chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) leaves and flowers were analyzed. The composition of free sugar were sucrose, maltose in the chestnut flowers and sucrose, glucose, fructose in the chestnut leaves. The contains of tannin were 0.16% in the chestnut flower and 1.98% in the chestnut leaves. In fatty acids case, the linoleic contents were significantly high in the chestnut leaves and flowers. The organic acids showed high composition to succnic and citric acid in the chestnut leaves. The ammo acid compositions showed high contents to aspatic acid, proline, glutamic acid, glycine and methionine in the chestnut leaves and flowers. The total amino acid showed significantly higher in the chestnut leaves than flowers. The major minerals contained in the chestnut leaves and flowers were K, Ca, Ng, Fe, Mn and Al. Ascorbic acids were detected highly in the chestnut leaves and flowers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2023

Tetragenococcus halophilus CY54, an isolate from jeotgal, grows best in media with 5% NaCl and can grow at 18% and higher salt concentration. Three different doenjang samples were prepared with multiple starters including T. halophilus CY54. TBZA doenjang was prepared with T. halophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Aspergillus oryzae. BZA doenjang was prepared with the same 3 starters except T. halophilus. KACC doenjang was prepared with a single starter, B. subtilis KACC16750. During 16 weeks of fermentation at 25℃, the viable counts were maintained in the range of 7-8 log CFU/g in all 3 samples. As fermentation progressed, pH decreased and titratable acidity (TA) gradually increased. Crude protein contents decreased slightly. TBZA doenjang showed higher amino-type nitrogen (ANN) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) contents, and KACC doenjang showed higher ammonia-type nitrogen (AMN) content. TBZA doenjang showed higher fibrinolytic and protease activity than other doenjang samples. Metabolites analyses by GC/MS showed that doenjang samples were separated from each other by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) analysis. Seventeen major metabolites involved in the differences between samples were identified and they included organic acids, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids and alcohols. TBZA doenjang showed higher contents for most metabolites responsible for flavor and taste of fermented foods including doenjang. These results showed that T. halophilus could be useful as a starter for doenjang and can improve the product quality by accelerating the fermentation processes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.654-665
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• 2019

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer has widely been used as a traditional herbal medicine because of its diverse health benefits. Amounts of ginseng compounds, mainly ginsenosides, vary according to seasons, varieties, geographical regions, and age of ginseng plants. However, no study has comprehensively determined perturbations of various metabolites in ginseng plants including roots and leaves as they grow. Methods: Nuclear magnetic resonance ($^1H$ NMR)-based metabolomics was applied to better understand the metabolic physiology of ginseng plants and their association with climate through global profiling of ginseng metabolites in roots and leaves during whole growing periods. Results: The results revealed that all metabolites including carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and ginsenosides in ginseng roots and leaves were clearly dependent on growing seasons from March to October. In particular, ginsenosides, arginine, sterols, fatty acids, and uracil diphosphate glucose-sugars were markedly synthesized from March until May, together with accelerated sucrose catabolism, possibly associated with climatic changes such as sun exposure time and rainfall. Conclusion: This study highlights the intrinsic metabolic characteristics of ginseng plants and their associations with climate changes during their growth. It provides important information not only for better understanding of the metabolic phenotype of ginseng but also for quality improvement of ginseng through modification of cultivation.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2022

Wolfiporia cocos is an edible fungus commercially cultivated in Asia. To investigate metabolic changes of W. cocos mycelia under both light and dark culture conditions, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were performed. In terms of the total amount of sugars, alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and purines, there no significant differences between the W. cocos mycelia cultivated under light (L) or dark (D) conditions (p < 0.05). However, there were some differences with respect to the production of particular sugars and proteins. The levels of trehalose (L: 17.2 ± 0.3% vs. D: 13.9 ± 1.6%), maltose (L: 0.9 ± 0.1% vs. D: 0.3 ± 0.1%), turanose (L: 0.7 ± 0.2% vs. D: 0.1 ± 0.1%), glutamine (L: 1.6 ± 0.3% vs. D: 0.7 ± 0.2%), and proline (L: 0.3 ± 0% vs. D: 0.1 ± 0%) were all significantly higher under light condition (p < 0.05). In contrast, the levels of galactose (L: 13.7 ± 1.2% vs. D: 17.6 ± 2.0%), aspartic acid (L: 0.6 ± 0.1 % vs. D: 0.9 ± 0.1%), cystathionine (L: 0.6 ± 0.1% vs. D: 0.8 ± 0 %), and malic acid (L: 0.7 ± 0.1% vs. D: 1.2 ± 0.1%) were higher under the dark condition. It is worth noting that the amount of pachymic acid, a pharmaceutically active compound of W. cocos, was 1.68 times greater under the light condition (p < 0.05).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2012

Rumen fermentative characteristic is useful indicators of the quality of ruminant feed stuffs and diets. An in vitro rumen fermentation experiment was therefore carried out to compare fermentation patterns among three forage sources. These were whole crop barley (WCBS), Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) and rice straw silages (RSS). Rice straw (RS) was the control, making the treatments 4 in total. Forages were randomly allocated to serum bottles. The incubation times were arranged 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h at $39^{\circ}C$, respectively. Each forage source was replicated 3 times per incubation time. At each sampling time, total gas and pH were measured, whilst individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs), total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) were determined later after storing samples at $-20^{\circ}C$. Acetate: Propionate ratio (A/P) was then calculated. Forage source had a significant effect (P<0.001) on pH and $NH_3$-N. RSS maintained higher pH values than the rest of the forage sources. A decreasing pH trend with increased time of incubation, in agreement with literature, was observed for all forage sources. WCBS recorded $NH_3$-N values higher than all the other treatments. Total gas, individual and total VFA and A/P ratio were not affected by forage source. However, there was a significant difference in all parameters (p<0.05) among forage sources at sampling periods at 3 to 72h. Therefore, the present results indicating that WCBS, IRGS, RS and RSS maintained in vitro rumen pH above the critical value. Also, WCBS produced the highest NH3-N and on this merit could be of better nutritive value, in vivo, in the ruminant.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigated astaxanthin producing "Xanthophyllomyces dendrohous" on growth performances and meat quality in ducks. A total of 450 ducks (cheribery) were allotted into 3 groups. The three groups were control (commercial feed), treatment 1 (0.1% feed additives), and treatment 2 (0.2% feed additives). Each group had 3 replicates. Viable cell number of "Xanthophyllomyces dendrohous" is $1.0{\times}10^8$ cfu/g. Growth performance carried out during 39 days. Average weight gain was significantly higher (p<0.05) in treatment 2 than that of control. Feed conversion was significantly lower (p<0.05) in treatment 1 and 2 than that of control. The results of nutrients composition analysis of duck meat showed that treatment 1 and 2 had significantly lower (p<0.05) fat and cholesterol levels. Water holding capacity showed significantly higher (p<0.05) value than that of control. Both treatment groups showed lower (p<0.05) value than control in drip loss and shear force. Control showed higher unsaturated fatty acids(palmitic acid, stearic acid) content than treatment 1 and 2. Treatment 1 and 2 showed significantly lower (p<0.05) saturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid) levels than control. These results suggested that the supplementation of feed additives containing "Xanthophyllomyces dendrohous" might be used effectively for inproving productivity and meat quality of ducks.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.55-69
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• 2011

Use of disposer at the kitchens of Korean apartments is inevitable in treating their foodwaste having a water content of more than 80%. Also we have to ensure that this extra disposer-foodwaste BOD loadings be treated properly by installing/operating a pre-treatment system before this wastewater enters public sewer system. However, the degree of BOD removal should not be excessive since a BOD/N ratio higher than 5 is required for removing N/P at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The removal of BOD/N in the pretreatment system rather than BOD alone can be an alternative solution in solving this problem. The particles separated by sedimentation, screen or packed-bed can be anaerobically digested at apartment sites to generate biogas that can be used for simple digester heating and to generate volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for nitrogen removal. We suggest that Korean government grants a temporary license (say for 5 years) to foodwaste treatment companies in collaboration with apartment construction companies which may do business and develop various kinds of disposer-foodwaste treatment systems in diverse wastewater discharge systems of Korean apartments.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.672-677
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• 2012

Lipids in microalgal biomass were recovered by using pyrolysis method. The pyrolysis experiments of two Chlorella sp. KR-1 samples, which have triglyceride contents of 10.8% and 36.5%, respectively were carried out at $600^{\circ}C$ to investigate the effects of lipid contents in the cells on the reaction characteristics. The conversion and liquid yield of the lipid-rich sample were higher than those of the lipid-lean sample since its carbon to hydrogen ratio was low. There were low molecular weight organic acids, ketones, aldehydes and alcohols in the liquid products from both KR-1 samples, but the pyrolysis oil of the lipid-rich sample was abundant in free fatty acids, particularly palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid while the content of nitrogen containing organic compounds was low. The microalgal pyrolysis oil had two layers composed of the light hydrophobic fraction and the heavy hydrophilic fraction. The light fraction might be originated from triglycerides and the heavy fraction might be from carbohydrates and proteins. In the light fraction of the liquid products, there were considerable linear alkanes such as pentadecane and heptadecane as well as free fatty acids, implying that deoxygenation reaction including decarboxylation was occurred during the pyrolysis. The yield of the liquid products from the pyrolysis of the KR-1 sample having triglyceride content of 36.5% was 56.9% and the light fraction in the liquid products was 68.2%. Also more than 80% of the light fraction was free fatty acids and pure hydrocarbons, thus showing that most triglycerides could be extracted in the form of suitable raw materials for biofuels.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.587-595
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• 2000

The most problems of domestic sewage for BNR(Biological Nutrients Removal) process are deficiency of carbon source and low C/N ratio. Primary sludge fermentation is seemed to be one of the best solutions producing biodegradable organic substrates. Soluble organic materials from sludge fermentation are mainly SCFAs(Short-Chain Fatty Acids) with 2~5 carbon atoms. In this research, it was attempted to apply $A_2/O$ process with the side-stream acid fermenter to improve the nutrients removal efficiency. The result showed that proper SCFAs production is about 3.000mg/L with SRT of 4~5 days. SCFAs yield of approximately 0.10~0.16 mg SCFAs(as COD) per mg of primary sludge(as COD) were achieved. The ratio of acetic. propionic. butyric and valerie acid were 1, 0.7, 0.5 and 0.6. Significant improvements of nutrients removal over 70% in BNR process were observed. thus will reduce the demand for chemical dosing to increase nutrients removal efficiency. When the fermentate was entered $A_2/O$ process, the ratio of phosphate release to substrate uptake amounts to $0.34gPO_4-Pg^{-1}COD$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1975-1984
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• 2020

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effects of body weight (BW) and fiber sources on nutrient digestibility, fiber fermentation and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration in different intestinal segments of growing pigs fed high-fiber diets. Methods: Nine barrows with initial BW of 25.17±0.73 kg and 9 barrows with initial BW of 63.47±2.18 kg were allotted to a duplicate 9×2 Youden Square design with 3 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The dietary treatments were formulated with 3 different high-fiber ingredients: corn bran, sugar beet pulp, and soybean hulls, respectively. Each diet was fed to 3 barrows with different stage of BW in each period. Results: There were no differences in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of most nutrients between pigs at different BW stages. Pigs at 60 kg had greater (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and had greater (p<0.05) hindgut disappearance of IDF and cellulose than pigs at 25 kg. The acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations in ileal digesta and feces of pigs at 60 kg were greater (p<0.05) than those of pigs at 25 kg. In addition, fiber sources affected (p<0.05) the AID of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein, SDF and hemicellulose, the hindgut disappearance and ATTD of dietary fiber components, the lactate and propionate concentrations in ileal digesta and the butyrate, valerate and total SCFA concentrations in feces. There were interactions (p<0.05) between BW and fiber sources on the AID of GE, OM, EE, SDF, hemicellulose, the ATTD of EE, TDF, and IDF, and the hindgut disappearance of SDF and hemicellulose. Conclusion: Increasing BW mainly improved the digestibility of dietary fiber fractions, and the dietary fiber sources influenced the digestibility of almost all the dietary nutrients in growing pigs.