• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.222-227
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• 2008

Citrus aurantium var. amara L., commonly known as 'bitter orange' or 'sour orange', of the family Rutaceae, has traditionally been used in the treatment of various ailments, and it possesses different types of pharmacological properties. As a part of our on-going studies on the plantsfrom the Iranian flora, the extract of C. aurantium var. amara has been studied for its weight lossproperties using the mice model. While the Sep-Pak fraction, 20% methanol (MeOH) in water, of the hydro-methanolic extract of the peels of C. aurantium var. amara fruits, when injectedintraperitoneal (i.p.) at a dose of 10 mg/kg, significantly decreased the level of weight gain of the mice in comparison with control the group (P < 0.01), the Sep-Pak fraction 80% MeOH in water decreased the initial weight of mice by 0.44% in six weeks. The administration of the total extract(10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), and the Sep-Pak fractions, 40% and 60% MeOH in water (10 mg/kg, i.p.)did not show any significant change of weight of the test mice. Of the two active fractions, the80% MeOH in water fraction did not show any noticeable adverse effects on mice, and was therefore analysed by reversed-phase preparative high performance liquid chromatography resulting in the isolation and identification of four major components, two coumarins, meranzin hydrate (1) and bergamottin (2), and two flavonoids, xanthomicrol 5,4'-di-methyl ether (tangeritin, 3) and hymenoxin 5,7-di-methyl ether (nobiletin, 4).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.542-546
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• 2009

Methane production using the mixed organic wastes of peel-type fruit wastes from apple or orange and sewage sludge was investigated in the batch anaerobic degradation process. When apple or orange peels with sewage sludge were used as mixed substrates, higher methane production was achieved under the condition of 3 : 7 (fruit peel : sewage sludge) mixing ratio. However, above the 3 : 7 mixing ratio, the pH of mixture was decreased from 8.0 to 4.5~4.7 due to organic acid production from the fruit wastes. Subsequently, methane production was low. The results in this study could be effectively applied to the methane gas production system as a bioenergy in the mixed batch anaerobic digestion process using the peel-type fruit wastes and sewage sludge.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 2018

The application of 112 samples of Citrus fruit peel, which is commonly cultivated in Korea as crude drug, has been limited due to the absence of criteria concerning chemical constituents and application of itself. In the context, this study is on the analysis of 11 flavonoid compounds. As a result, the flavonoid pattern could be classified into 5 groups. Furthermore, by utilizing this HPLC data, this study could provide a basis for fruit peel applications of not only Citrus unshiu, but also its cultivars, hybrids and some of Citrus plants which has been cultivated in Jeju Island for a long time. Moondan could be used for the same purposes as Chinese Huajuhong, and Poncirus trifoliata of Korean Jisil origin are effective enough, in terms of ingredients and function, compared with C. aurantium. Based on the content and composition of the PMF region in this study, C. unshiu and C. reticulata, as Tanaka System shows, should be considered as different hortcultural speicies. Also, Jikak, which is known as 'sour orange' until now, is confirmed as Chosen-daidai, C. tenuissima, that was reported by Tanaka in 1970, and this C. tenuissima could be used for the same purposes as sour orange.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.559-564
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• 2012

It has been reported that dried orange peel in a medicine prepared from crude drugs has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral functions, prevents circulatory diseases, reduces lipids, improves immunity, and strengthens capillary vessels. This study attempted to identify the antibacterial effects of dried orange peel extract on S. mutans causing dental caries, and its effects on GTase activation. The extract was put on the medium at the concentration of 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml and its effects on the inhibition of S. mutans growth were examined. Analysis found that the higher the concentration was, the more the number of colonies was reduced. In accordance with the measurement after 8 hours, the extract displayed a high growth inhibition rate: 92% at a concentration of 5 mg/ml, 95% at a concentration of 10 mg/ml and 99% at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Furthermore, the GTase deactivation rate by the extract was measured. The higher the concentration of extract was, the more rapidly the deactivation rate increased. The deactivation rate of the extract was significant at 42% at a concentration of 5mg/ml.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.598-604
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• 2013

This study was designed to evaluate the usability of the following citrus peel extracts (CPEs): Citrus sinensis (orange), C. unshiu (mandarin orange), C. limon (lemon), and C. paradise (grapefruit) as natural antibrowning agents. Overall, 0.1% of the CPEs were effective in reducing the browning of apple slices. The appearance of apple slices dipped in C. limon peel extracts (LPE) were found to be excellent and their Hunter L and ${\Delta}E$ values were similar to the values obtained when apple slices were dipped in ascorbic acid. The pH values of the different CPEs were not significantly different from each other, but were higher than that of ascorbic acid. LPE was found to possess the highest total phenolic content, flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and copper ($Cu^{2+}$) chelating activity. All these results suggest that citrus peel extracts, especially lemon peel extract, can be used as natural antibrowning agents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.277-281
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• 2011

A rapid and very sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry method to detect ethylenethiourea (ETU) fungicide residues in fruits was developed. Methylene chloride was used as the surface extraction solvent for the target component. Recovery rates improved when cysteine hydrochloride and sodium carbonate were added to product prior to fortification. The limits of detection and quantification were approximately 0.006 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively, from mandarin oranges. Recoveries from mandarin oranges, oranges, bananas, and pears, spiked in the range of 0.05-0.5 mg/kg, averaged 80-100%. The proposed method was used to monitor the presence of ETU in commercial fruits purchased from different markets in Seoul, Korea. ETU was found in four orange peels and in three mandarin orange peel samples. The highest ETU residue levels were $73.6{\mu}g/kg$ and $29.8{\mu}g/kg$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2016

Limonene is orange flavored natural material that is mainly contained in mandarine and lemon peels. D-limonene was extracted from cold-storaged mandarine peel by using Soxhlet extractor at $120^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours with ethanol as solvent. Henry constants of d-limonene and impurity were calculated as $H_{Lim}=8.55$ and $H_{imp}=0.223$ from the result of HPLC analysis. 4-bed SMB of limonene simulation with $0.46{\times}25cm$ columns was conducted by using Aspen chromatography program. Then effective condition for purity was found by changing $m_2$ and $m_3$ values in triangle diagram. The highest purity was 98.59% at $m_2=2.57$, $m_3=9.55$. For this case, feed, desorbent, extract, and raffinate flow rates were 1 mL/min, 1.19 mL/min, 0.857 mL/min and 1.34 mL/min, respectively. Scale-up simulation was also conducted by increasing column diameter from 0.46 cm to 1.6 cm for getting the same efficiency. The increased flow rates were 12 mL/min, 14 mL/min, 10 mL/min, and 16 mL/min for feed, desorbent, extract, and raffinate. It was possible to scale-up with maintaining same limonene purity because linear isotherms of limonene and impurity were assumed.