• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 1996

Ohyaksungisan, combined preparation of crude drugs, has been used for hemiplegia, arthralgia and paralysis in traditional Korean medicine. The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract from Ohyaksungisan(OSSE) was investigated on acetic acid-induced edema and adjuvant arthritis in rats. Acute toxicity and analgesic action in mice were also examined. Its anti-inflammatory activity on 5% acetic acid-induced edema and adjuvant arthritis was observed with oral administration. The acute toxicity showed 10% mortality at 2400 mg/kg (p.o), but was not showed at 1200 mg/kg (i.p). OSSE was showed to have significant analgesic action (P<0.05) at 150 mg/kg and this action was strengthened at 300, 600 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory effect was showed significant preventive effect on the hind paw edema from 90 min. and the adjuvant arthritis, when orally administered for 19 days. showed significant inhibitory effect on the hind paw edema from the 5th day.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1989

Toxic effects of a mushroom, Amanita volvata, were studied in respect to biochemical and histological changes induced in the liver and kidneys of mice. The changes in biochemical parameters characteristically appeared 12 hrs after oral administration of an aqueous extract of the mushroom. The hepatic glycogen decreased markedly to 17% of the control level and a concemitant decrease in blood glucose was also observed. The activity of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) was elevated by 2.5-fold and the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased by 3-fold, respectively, 12 hrs after administration of the mushroom, their levels being maintained up to 24 hrs.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.258-262
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• 1993

The plant of Pedicularis resupinata var. oppositifolia(Scrophulariaceae) is described to be used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, malignant abscess (tumor), urolith and diuretics in oriental medicinal books. This study is concerned with some general pharmacological activities. It was observed that the methanol extract of the aerial part of this plant showed some effects on acute toxicity, carrageenin induced edema in rat paw, bile juice secretion and antibacterial effect. From this result it was obtained that the methanol extract revealed the antiinflammatory activity and bile juice secretion increasing effect. Thus, it was fractionated and buthanol fraction has obvious inhibition effect on edema and bile juice secretion increasing effect. The total extract showed low acute toxicity i.e., the minimum lethal dose was more than 8000mg/kg in oral administration in mice.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.364-368
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• 2022

Objectives: Verbenalin is a compound found in herbs such as Cornus officinalis and Verbena officinalis. This study investigated whether verbenalin is safe by analyzing its mutagenicity. Methods: To examine the mutagenic potential of verbenalin, a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) was conducted with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains. Experiments with and without metabolic activity were performed. Results: The mean colony number was less than double that of the control. Growth inhibition and precipitation of verbenalin were not apparent in all strains at different concentrations regardless of metabolic activity. Conclusion: Verbenalin did not show any signs of mutagenicity in this study. Additional toxicity studies including repeated oral toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity tests are needed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.204-211
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to obtain acute (single) oral dose toxicity information on Lactobacillus-fermented Araliae Continentalis Radix aqueous extracts (fACR) in female and male ICR mice, as compared with Araliae Continentalis Radix aqueous extracts (ACR). After administering a single oral dose of fACR, no treatment-related mortalities were observed within 14 days after the end of treatment up to 2,000 mg/kg, the maximum dosage for rodents of both sexes; moreover, no fACR treatment-related changes in the body and organ weights, clinical signs, necropsy, and histopathological findings were detected in this experiment. In addition, no ACR 2,000 mg/kg treatment-related mortalities, clinical signs, body and organ weights, or gross and histopathological findings were observed, as compared with equal genders of vehicle control. The results obtained in this study suggest that fACR is non-toxic in mice and is, therefore, likely to be safe for clinical use. The LD₅₀ and approximate LD in female mice and male mice, respectively, were considered after a single oral dose of fACR over 2,000 mg/kg, the maximum dosage for rodents. In addition, no specific targets or clinical signs were detected in the present study. ACR 2,000 mg/kg-treated mice also did not show any treatment-related mortalities, clinical signs, changes to body and organ weights, or gross and histopathological findings, as compared with equal genders of vehicle control.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.165-172
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• 2019

Berberine has been used clinically for more than a decade to treat various diseases, has been shown to be effective in osteoblast differentiation, and is a potential treatment option for osteoporosis. However, compared with existing osteoporosis drugs, berberine is somewhat less effective. This study aimed to identify a new compound with efficacy superior to that of berberine. The osteogenic activities of various berberine derivatives were evaluated via cell differentiation in C2C12 preosteoblast cell lines. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining assay and structure-activity relationship demonstrated that compound 2b had a potent osteogenic effect. Furthermore, compound 2b dose dependently increased ALP activity and showed no toxicity at the effective concentration, indicating its efficacy. Additionally, compound 2b upregulated BMP2-induced transcriptional activity in a promoter activity assay using ALP, BSP, and OC promoters.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2011

Purpose: This study compared the effect of two oral care agents on preventing stomatitis and discomfort for acute leukemic patients. Methods: A total of forty patients was enrolled and randomly assigned to sodium bicarbonate or chlorhexidine group. WHO oral toxicity scale was used for measuring stomatitis and Beck's subjective oral discomfort scale for evaluating oral comfort. Data was collected from August 2009 to February 2010. The data was analyzed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: Data analyzed was thirty five one. The incidence of stomatitis was 47.4%, 68.8% in sodium bicarbonate and chlohexidine group respectively. The onset of stomatitis was about the 10th and 9th day after chemotherapy initiation, and the duration was 8.0 and 8.67 day respectively. The severity of stomatitis was highest on the 21st day after chemotherapy initiation. There were no statistical differences in the status of stomatitis and the levels of oral comfort during treatment periods. Conclusion: Nurses should routinely assess oral cavity and encourage patients to do oral care actively from second to third week after chemotherapy initiation. Also sodium bicarbonate agent can be recommended to for preventing stomatitis.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2002

Necrotizing fasciitis is rare acute infection showing rapidly necrosis involve the subcutaneous tissue and fascia. If treatment is delayed, infection can spread to involve the subcutaneous tissue, skin, deep fascia, and even muscle in rapid sequence, resulting in widespread necrosis and moderate to severe systemic toxicity. Most commonly this disease presents in the extremities, trunk, and perineum; it is relatively rare in the head and neck regions. If not diagnosed and treated in its early stages, necrotizing fasciitis can be potentially fatal, with a motality rate approaching 40%. Historically, the clinical entity now referred to as necrotizing fasciitis was described in the literature under various name. : hospital gangrene, necrotizing erysipelas, streptococcal gangrene, suppurative fasciitis. Necrotizing fasciitis was first described by Wilson in 1952. We experienced 3 cases of necrotizing fasciitis and will report review of literature with diagnosis, treatment, complication and consideration.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.456-462
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• 2007

Since the first description of bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) in 2002, the number of report on the disease has rapidly been increasing. Now, BRONJ is considered as a new entity, which is emerging problem in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Bisphosphonates (BPs) can be categorized into 2 groups: nitrogen-containing and non-nitrogen containing, and nitrogen-containing BPs are considered to have more efficacy and toxicity possibly. It is unusual for osteonecrosis to occur in the maxilla but BRONJ is found in both the mandible and the maxilla, which is one of the special features of BRONJ compared with common infectious osteomyelitis of the jaws. Intravenous BPs are usually more likely to cause BRONJ than oral BPs which are frequently prescribed for osteoporosis and osteopenia. Nonetheless, the use of intravenous BPs cannot be prevented because of systemic condition of the patients. Although it is rare that oral BPs cause BRONJ in osteoporosis/osteopenia patients, we should be aware of BRONJ since the population of the patients is exceedingly increasing with the prolonging of life expectancy. So, we'd like to enlighten upon the problems and solutions of BRONJ.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.470-477
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• 1995

Flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix possessed a dual function both as an anti-inflammatory agent and an enhancer of cellular activity in gingival fibroblast. The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the toxicity of ethanolic extract from the root of Scutellariae Radix Georgi and its flavonoids, Wogonin, Baicalein, and Baicalin were isolated and purified by the following method. The crude drug was extracted with ethyl acetate and the residue was dissolved in ethyl alcohol. The ethyl alcohol soluble fraction was separated, concentrated, and then chromatographed on a silica gel column. The acute oral LD 50 in rats was determined for EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix and three compounds were evaluated with a single oral gavage at three graded dosage levels. The acute intravenous LD 50 was determined with a single intravenous injection via the jugular vein at three graded dosage levels. Groups of 5 male and 5 female rats, 6 week of age at the start of the study, were fed diets containing 3 graded dosage levels for 14 days. Groups of 5 male and 5 female hamster received O.5ml of the test article at once in a day for 5 days to the buccal cheek pouch for two minutes each. The acute oral LD50 for EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix is 1430mg/kg, and for Wogonin 1320mg/kg, for Baicalein 1250mg/kg, for Baicalin 1330mg/kg. The acute intravenous toxicity of EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix and its extracts was found to be 27mg/kg body weight No toxic effects were observed in rats fed up to 200mg/kg of EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix, Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin in the diet for 14 days. The acute Mucouse Membrane LD 50 in hamsters was found to be greater than 100mg/kg. These results suggested that EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix and its flavonoids are safe for oral care products using limited amount of extract.