• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제42권
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• pp.26.1-26.6
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• 2020

Background: Orofacial clefts (OFCs) comprise a wide range of malformations, including cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip with cleft palate, which can vary in terms of etiology, severity, and disease burden. Objective(s): This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between various risk factors and orofacial cleft disorder spectrum in newborns. Study design: A total of 323 cases and 400 controls were enrolled in this study and evaluated in terms of the maternal history of abortion or miscarriage, child's sex, maternal and paternal age, maternal history of systemic disease, history of medication therapy during pregnancy, birth order, consanguineous marriage, and complications during pregnancy. Results: Analysis of the results suggested that consanguineous marriage, a maternal history of abortion/miscarriage, and complications during pregnancy could potentially increase the risk of OFCs in children (P < 0.05). However, the analyses revealed that the other variables could not potentially increase the risk of OFCs (P > 0.05). Conclusion(s): Multiple cofactors may simultaneously contribute to the formation of such abnormalities; therefore, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary care program is necessary to ensure a successful pregnancy period and the birth of a healthy newborn.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.352-360
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• 1997

구순 구개열 신생아는 출생시부터 수유의 어려움을 비롯하여 중이염, 언어장애, 부정교합, 부적절한 악안면 성장과 이로 인한 정신적 손상등에 직면하게 된다. 이런 복합적인 문제를 갖고 있는 신생아의 전반적인 치료를 위해서는 여러 관련분야 전문가들의 포괄적인 관리가 필요하다. 특히 수유의 어려움은 유아의 영양 상태를 좌우할 수 있는 중요한 문제이므로 가장 먼저 관리하여야 할 부분이다. Obturator의 사용은 수유보조의 역할 뿐만 아니라 구강과 비강을 구분하여 중이염의 발생빈도를 감소시키고, 구개판의 성장을 촉진시키며, 정상적인 구강 안면조직의 발달을 유도할 수 있다. 소아치과의사는 구순 구개열 신생아의 정상적인 성장, 발육을 위해 출생 직후 부모에게 적절한 수유방법의 조언과 함께 obturator 를 장착해 주고, 다른 team과 긴밀한 협진을 통해 유치열기, 혼합치열기까지 지속적으로 치과적 관리를 제공하여야 한다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.657-673
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• 1992

Orthodontic treatment of cleft patients is difficult as the growth is different from that of normal ones. So it is very important to know the characteristic features of the craniofacial morphology and growth pattern in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. The materials for this study consisted of 55 normal males and 50 unilateral cleft lip and palate ones who received cheiloplasty and palatoplasty previously. The cleft subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their ages kto find out the growth pattern of hard and soft tissue, and to compare the features with those of normal ones. Each cephalogram analysed by McNamara method and others. The obtained results were as follows 1. In the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects, forward growth of the maxilla was smaller than that of normal ones from 9 years old. So the maxilla was retruded. The maxillary incisors were severely retruded in all age groups. 2. The mandibular overall length and its anteroposterior position did not show any significant differences between two groups. But the height of ramus was very short and the mandible had vertical growth tendency to compensate for undergrowth of the maxilla in cleft subjects after 12 years of age. 3. Horizontal growth of the soft tissue in middle face was smaller than that of any other facial region from 9 years old. The vertical growth rate of upper lip was decreased as growing old. 4. In cleft subjects, the upper and lower facial component angle and the facial convexity angle were large. So their facial profile changed to straight or concave as growing old.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.741-747
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• 2007

Purpose: In order to determine the differences in speech outcome based on timing of operation in submucous cleft palate, we have reviewed our experiences in the Furlow palatoplasty over the last 11 years. Methods: From March 1996 to March 2006, 38 submucous cleft palate patients received Furlow palatoplasty. 10 developmentally delayed patients were excluded and 5 patients were lost to follow up. The rest 23 patients were reviewed. Speech was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively, and speech therapy was performed accordingly. Perceptual speech assessment included hypernasality, nasal emission and articulation disorder. Cinefluorography was performed to aid perceptual assessment. Based on timing of operation, the patients were divided into 3 groups as following: Group A under 24 months(8 patients), Group B from 25 to 48 months(6 patients), and Group C over 49 months (9 patients). Except 1 patient under speech therapy yet, resultant speech was compared. 200707Results: The rate of abnormal speech was higher in Group C(3/9, 33.3%) than in Group A(0%) or B(0%). All 3 patients who had been discontinued of speech therapy from the parent's judgment had abnormal speech. The reason for the discontinuation was that the regular speech therapy was a burden at school age. Any patients who had continued speech therapy had normal speech. Conclusion: The results of our study shows that operative timing is associated with speech development. Maintenance of speech therapy was an important factor for normal speech development. It will be helpful to perform a palatoplasty before 48 months of age to complete speech therapy before the school age.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2009

The treatment of cleft lip and palate must be based on a complete knowledge of the anatomy, physiology and growth of the involved deformity, because of not only the appearance but also impaired functions such as phonation, mastication, respiration and lingual posture of the maxillomandibular complex. Delaire has long studied all these aspects, and has published many numbers of articles and constructed a philosophy concerning the significance and interrelationship of the various structures. The results obtained from its application seem to be particularly valid from a clinical point of view, although it has not all been scientifically supported by experimental data. For these reasons, Delaire's primary unilateral and bilateral cheilorhinoplasty procedures are particulary good, as is his secondary gingivoalveoloplsty procedure during the course of the surgical repair of the hard palate. In order to understand Delaire's philosophy, it is necessary to consider the normal and pathologic anatomy of the structures involved in the deformity, the role of some structures, such as nasal septum, musculature, and tongue, and some functions, such as dental occlusion or nasal respiration, which play important roles in maxillary and particularly premaxillary growth. Despite of important concept and meanings, Delaire's philosophy has not been introduced widely to our Korean cleft surgeons yet. So authors will summarize the basic concepts of Delaire's philosophy according to already published literatures and lectures based on our previous treatment outcomes.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.472-479
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• 2014

Background Speech problems are a common clinical feature of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The objectives of this study were to inventory the speech history and current self-reported speech rating of adolescents and young adults, and examine the possible variables influencing the current speech ratings, including cleft palate, surgery, speech and language therapy, intelligence quotient, and age at assessment. Methods In this cross-sectional cohort study, 50 adolescents and young adults with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (ages, 12-26 years, 67% female) filled out questionnaires. A neuropsychologist administered an age-appropriate intelligence quotient test. The demographics, histories, and intelligence of patients with normal speech (speech rating=1) were compared to those of patients with different speech (speech rating>1). Results Of the 50 patients, a minority (26%) had a cleft palate, nearly half (46%) underwent a pharyngoplasty, and all (100%) had speech and language therapy. Poorer speech ratings were correlated with more years of speech and language therapy (Spearman's correlation=0.418, P=0.004; 95% confidence interval, 0.145-0.632). Only 34% had normal speech ratings. The groups with normal and different speech were not significantly different with respect to the demographic variables; a history of cleft palate, surgery, or speech and language therapy; and the intelligence quotient. Conclusions All adolescents and young adults with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome had undergone speech and language therapy, and nearly half of them underwent pharyngoplasty. Only 34% attained normal speech ratings. Those with poorer speech ratings had speech and language therapy for more years.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.490-495
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• 2017

Background Cleft lip and palate repair requires a deep and small surgical field and is usually performed by surgeons wearing surgical loupes. Surgeons with loupes can obtain a wider surgical view, although headlights are required for the deepest procedures. Surgical microscopes offer comfort and a clear and magnification-adjustable surgical site that can be shared with the whole team, including observers, and easily recorded to further the education of junior surgeons. Magnification adjustments are convenient for precise procedures such as muscle dissection of the soft palate. Methods We performed a comparative investigation of 18 cleft operations that utilized either surgical loupes or microscopy. Paper-based questionnaires were completed by staff nurses to evaluate what went well and what could be improved in each procedure. The operating time, complication rate, and scores of the questionnaire responses were statistically analyzed. Results The operating time when microscopy was used was not significantly longer than when surgical loupes were utilized. The surgical field was clearly shared with surgical assistants, nurses, anesthesiologists, and students via microscope-linked monitors. Passing surgical equipment was easier when sharing the surgical view, and preoperative microscope preparation did not interfere with the duties of the staff nurses. Conclusions Surgical microscopy was demonstrated to be useful during cleft operations.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) generally demonstrate the asymmetries in the lip, nose and the naso-maxillary complex. And their skeletal asymmetries are known to be derived from the displacement of nasal septum, anterior nasal spine (ANS) and the pre-maxilla toward the non-affected side during the developmental and growth period. Due to the interruption of the important facial muscles, which are critical for the symmetric growth of premaxilla, functional matrix system fails to develop and results in the displacement of the ANS toward the non-affected side and nasal asymmetry. Therefore the rhinoplasty for CLP patients is required to have inter-skeletal and muscular rearrangement in the naso-maxillary complex in order to let them recover from esthetic and physiologic imbalances. And functional cheilorhinoplasty (FCR) has been a representative treatment of choice for this concept of treatment modality. The outcome and prognosis of primary or repair FCR have been known to be definitely affected by timing of the operation as well as adequate reconstruction of naso-labial muscles. However, sometimes FCR has an ineffective treatment results for patients after the facial growth period, and the limited rhinoplasty around the nose often fails to bring satisfying results. In order to circumvent this limitation, we performed ANS osteotomy for patients with unilateral CLP showing asymmetric nose, as an alternative way for corrective rhinoplasty. We could observe that the nose was rearranged along the facial mid-line by this osteotomy design and asymmetries were evidently improved postoperatively. Here we present this osteotomy method in CLP patients.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1983년도 제17차 학술대회연제순서 및 초록
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• pp.18.1-18
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• 1983

1923년 Pierre-Robin이 소하악증, 설하수증 및 고궁구개(high-arched palate)혹은 구개 파열의 3주징을 처음으로 기술하였다. 기도장애가 자주 발생하고, 신속하며 적절한 치료를 필요로 한다. 이 증후군은 출생아 5만명 중 1명 정도로 드물게 발생한다. 이 증후군의 원인은 불명확하지만 하악골발달의 일차적 부전 때문으로 알려져 있다. 소하악증으로 인해 혀의 기저부가 후방으로 이동하여 인두후벽에 접근하여 기도폐쇄의 증상이 발생하며 이는 영아가 앙와위를 취할 때 악화된다. 환자를 복와위로 유지시킴으로서 경한 기도폐쇄의 문제들은 해결되지만, 섭식장애가 있을 경우에는 기도폐쇄가 악화되므로 빨리 설고정술을 실시하는 것이 좋으나 기관절개술은 최대한 피하는 것이 좋다. 설고정술에는 Douglas 수술법, Kirschner wire 삽입법 및 Duhamel 봉합법 등이 있다고 알려져 있다. 저자들은 최근 호흡곤란 및 섭식장애를 주소로 내원한 출생 2개월 된 남아에서 소하악증, 설하수증 및 고궁구개 (high-arched palate)를 확인하였으며 Duhamel 봉합법으로 기도폐쇄의 증상이 호전되지 않아 기관절개술을 시행한 후 관찰 중인 이 환자를 Pierre-Robin Syndrome으로 생각하기에 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2001

순구개열은 선천성 악안면 기형 중에서 발생률이 가장 높은 질환이며 특히 동양인에게 높은 빈도로 발생된다. 그리고 순구개열에서는 파열부 조직의 선천적 상실과 파열부 봉합 수술후 형성된 반흔에 의한 상악골의 열성장과 상악 악궁의 협착, 코의 형태 이상 등과 함께 치아의 수, 크기와 형태 및 맹출 이상도 높은 빈도로 동반된다. 따라서 저자들은 순구개열 환자의 치아 수, 형태 및 맹출 이상에 관한 임상적 자료를 수집,평가하여 진단과 치료계획 수립시 기초자료로 사용하기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 1988년 3월부터 1999년 2월까지 서울대학교병원 교정과에 내원하였던 순구개열환자 241명의 초진시 교정 chart와 cleft chart, orthopantomogram, intraoral x-ray film, 진단용 모형을 사용하여 순구개열군 별로 매복치, 과잉치, 결손치, 왜소치의 유무와 위치를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 결손치는 비교적 높은 발생빈도 ($56.8\%$)를 보였으며, 치아별 발생빈도는 상악 측절치와 상악 제2소구치에서 높은 수치를 보였다. 순구개열 군별 결손치의 발생율은 구순구개열군과 구순치조열군이 구순열군과 구개열군에 비해 높게 나타났다. 그리고 구순열군, 구순치조열군, 구순구개연군 내에서 모두 양측성이 편측성에 비해 결손치의 발생율이 높게 나타났다. 2. 과잉치는 $11.2\%$ 에서 발견되었으며, 장소별 발생빈도는 영구치열과 유치열에서 상악 측절치와 상악 견치 사이에서 가장 많이 발생되었다. 순구개열 군별 과잉치의 발생율은 구순열군, 구순치조열군, 구개열군, 구순구개열군의 순이었다. 3. 매복치는 $18.3\%$ 에서 관찰되었으며, 치아별 발생빈도는 상악 측절치와 상악 견치에서 그 발생 빈도가 가장 높았다. 순구개열 군별 매복치 발생율은 구순열군, 구순구개열군, 구개열군, 구순치조열군의 순이었다. 4. 왜소치는 $15.8\%$ 에서 발견되었으며, 치아별 발생빈도는 상악 측절치 와 상악 견치에서 가장 많았다. 순구개열군별왜소치의 발생율은 구순치조열군, 구순구개열, 구순열의 순이었다. 그리고 구개열군에서는 왜소치가 발견되지 않았다.